Elimination of formate production in Clostridium thermocellum

Rydzak, Thomas; Lynd, Lee R.; Guss, Adam M.

doi:10.1007/s10295-015-1644-3

Title: Elimination of formate production in Clostridium thermocellum

Journal Article · Sat Jul 11 04:00:00 UTC 2015 · Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-015-1644-3 · OSTI ID:1286847

Rydzak, Thomas ^[1]; Lynd, Lee R. ^[2]; Guss, Adam M. ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH (United States)

We study the ability of Clostridium thermocellum to rapidly degrade cellulose and ferment resulting hydrolysis products into ethanol makes it a promising platform organism for cellulosic biofuel production via consolidated bioprocessing. Currently, however, ethanol yield are far below theoretical maximum due to branched product pathways that divert carbon and electrons towards formate, H₂, lactate, acetate, and secreted amino acids. To redirect carbon and electron flux away from formate, pyruvate:formate lyase (pfl) and respective PFL-activating enzyme were deleted. Formate production in the resulting Δpfl strain was eliminated and acetate production decreased by 50% on both complex and defined medium. Growth rate of Δpfl decreased by 2.9-fold on defined medium and diauxic growth was observed on complex medium. Supplementation of defined medium with 2 mM formate restored Δpfl growth rate to 80% of the parent strain. Finally, we discuss the role of pfl in metabolic engineering strategies and C₁ metabolism.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). BioEnergy Science Center (BESC)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1286847

Journal Information:: Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Journal Name: Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 42; ISSN 1367-5435

Publisher:: SpringerCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Influence of initial cellulose concentration on the carbon flow distribution during batch fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Islam, Rumana; Cicek, Nazim; Sparling, Richard Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 82, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1763-0	journal	November 2008
Mutant selection and phenotypic and genetic characterization of ethanol-tolerant strains of Clostridium thermocellum Shao, Xiongjun; Raman, Babu; Zhu, Mingjun Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3492-z	journal	August 2011
End-product induced metabolic shifts in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Rydzak, Thomas; Levin, David B.; Cicek, Nazim Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3511-0	journal	August 2011
Role of transcription and enzyme activities in redistribution of carbon and electron flux in response to N2 and H2 sparging of open-batch cultures of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Carere, Carlo R.; Rydzak, Thomas; Cicek, Nazim Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 98, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5500-y	journal	January 2014
Insights into electron flux through manipulation of fermentation conditions and assessment of protein expression profiles in Clostridium thermocellum Rydzak, Thomas; Grigoryan, Marina; Cunningham, Zack J. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 98, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5798-0	journal	May 2014
A defined growth medium with very low background carbon for culturing Clostridium thermocellum Holwerda, Evert K.; Hirst, Kyle D.; Lynd, Lee R. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-012-1091-3	journal	February 2012
Nitrogen and sulfur requirements for Clostridium thermocellum and Caldicellulosiruptor bescii on cellulosic substrates in minimal nutrient media Kridelbaugh, Donna M.; Nelson, Joshua; Engle, Nancy L. Bioresource Technology, Vol. 130 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.006	journal	February 2013
Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update Lynd, Lee R.; van Zyl, Willem H.; McBride, John E. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 16, Issue 5, p. 577-583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.08.009	journal	October 2005
Growth phase-dependant enzyme profile of pyruvate catabolism and end-product formation in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Rydzak, Thomas; Levin, David B.; Cicek, Nazim Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 140, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.022	journal	March 2009
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Peroxisomal alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) is a photorespiratory enzyme with multiple substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana: AGT1, a peroxisomal photorespiratory transaminase Liepman, Aaron H.; Olsen, Laura J. The Plant Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00961.x	journal	March 2001
Mutant alcohol dehydrogenase leads to improved ethanol tolerance in Clostridium thermocellum Brown, S. D.; Guss, A. M.; Karpinets, T. V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102444108	journal	August 2011
High Ethanol Titers from Cellulose by Using Metabolically Engineered Thermophilic, Anaerobic Microbes Argyros, D. Aaron; Tripathi, Shital A.; Barrett, Trisha F. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 77, Issue 23, p. 8288-8294 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.00646-11	journal	September 2011
Reassessment of the Transhydrogenase/Malate Shunt Pathway in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 through Kinetic Characterization of Malic Enzyme and Malate Dehydrogenase Taillefer, M.; Rydzak, T.; Levin, D. B. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 81, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.03360-14	journal	January 2015
Atypical Glycolysis in Clostridium thermocellum Zhou, Jilai; Olson, Daniel G.; Argyros, D. Aaron Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 79, Issue 9, p. 3000-3008 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.04037-12	journal	February 2013
Fermentation of Cellulosic Substrates in Batch and Continuous Culture by Clostridium thermocellum Lynd, Lee Rybeck; Grethlein, Hans E.; Wolkin, Richard H. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 55, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.55.12.3131-3139.1989	journal	January 1989
Electrotransformation of Clostridium thermocellum Tyurin, M. V.; Desai, S. G.; Lynd, L. R. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.2.883-890.2004	journal	February 2004
Pyruvate Formate Lyase Acts as a Formate Supplier for Metabolic Processes during Anaerobiosis in Staphylococcus aureus Leibig, M.; Liebeke, M.; Mader, D. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 193, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.01161-10	journal	December 2010
Ethanol Production by Thermophilic Bacteria: Relationship Between Fermentation Product Yields of and Catabolic Enzyme Activities in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobium brockii Lamed, R.; Zeikus, J. G. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 144, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.144.2.569-578.1980	journal	January 1980
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Cloning and expression of the Clostridium thermocellum L-lactate dehydrogenase gene in Escherichia coli and enzyme characterization Özkan, Melek; Yllmaz, Ebru I.; Lynd, Lee R. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 50, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1139/w04-071	journal	October 2004
Formate synthesis by Clostridium thermocellum during anaerobic fermentation Sparling, Richard; Islam, Rumana; Cicek, Nazim Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1139/w06-021	journal	July 2006
Clostridium thermocellum ATCC27405 transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic profiles after ethanol stress Yang, Shihui; Giannone, Richard J.; Dice, Lezlee BMC Genomics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-336	journal	January 2012
Transcriptomic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 cellulose fermentation Raman, Babu; McKeown, Catherine K; Rodriguez, Miguel BMC Microbiology, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Article No. 134 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-134	journal	January 2011
Proteomic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum core metabolism: relative protein expression profiles and growth phase-dependent changes in protein expression Rydzak, Thomas; McQueen, Peter D.; Krokhin, Oleg V. BMC Microbiology, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-214	journal	January 2012
Dcm methylation is detrimental to plasmid transformation in Clostridium thermocellum Guss, Adam M.; Olson, Daniel G.; Caiazza, Nicky C. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-30	journal	January 2012
Clostridium thermocellum transcriptomic profiles after exposure to furfural or heat stress Wilson, Charlotte M.; Yang, Shihui; Rodriguez, Miguel Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-131	journal	January 2013
The exometabolome of Clostridium thermocellum reveals overflow metabolism at high cellulose loading Holwerda, Evert K.; Thorne, Philip G.; Olson, Daniel G. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-014-0155-1	journal	October 2014
Increase in Ethanol Yield via Elimination of Lactate Production in an Ethanol-Tolerant Mutant of Clostridium thermocellum Biswas, Ranjita; Prabhu, Sandeep; Lynd, Lee R. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086389	journal	February 2014
Hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated mixed hardwood and purified microcrystalline cellulose by cell-free broth fromClostridium thermocellum Lynd, L. R.; Grethlein, H. E. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 29, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.260290114	journal	January 1987
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Influence of initial cellulose concentration on the carbon flow distribution during batch fermentation by Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Islam, Rumana; Cicek, Nazim; Sparling, Richard Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 82, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-008-1763-0	journal	November 2008
Mutant selection and phenotypic and genetic characterization of ethanol-tolerant strains of Clostridium thermocellum Shao, Xiongjun; Raman, Babu; Zhu, Mingjun Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3492-z	journal	August 2011
End-product induced metabolic shifts in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Rydzak, Thomas; Levin, David B.; Cicek, Nazim Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 92, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3511-0	journal	August 2011
Role of transcription and enzyme activities in redistribution of carbon and electron flux in response to N2 and H2 sparging of open-batch cultures of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Carere, Carlo R.; Rydzak, Thomas; Cicek, Nazim Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 98, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-5500-y	journal	January 2014
Insights into electron flux through manipulation of fermentation conditions and assessment of protein expression profiles in Clostridium thermocellum Rydzak, Thomas; Grigoryan, Marina; Cunningham, Zack J. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 98, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-014-5798-0	journal	May 2014
A defined growth medium with very low background carbon for culturing Clostridium thermocellum Holwerda, Evert K.; Hirst, Kyle D.; Lynd, Lee R. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, Vol. 39, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10295-012-1091-3	journal	February 2012
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Consolidated bioprocessing of cellulosic biomass: an update Lynd, Lee R.; van Zyl, Willem H.; McBride, John E. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol. 16, Issue 5, p. 577-583 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copbio.2005.08.009	journal	October 2005
Growth phase-dependant enzyme profile of pyruvate catabolism and end-product formation in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Rydzak, Thomas; Levin, David B.; Cicek, Nazim Journal of Biotechnology, Vol. 140, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.01.022	journal	March 2009
New yeast recombineering tools for bacteria Shanks, Robert M. Q.; Kadouri, Daniel E.; MacEachran, Daniel P. Plasmid, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plasmid.2009.05.002	journal	September 2009
Redirecting carbon flux through exogenous pyruvate kinase to achieve high ethanol yields in Clostridium thermocellum Deng, Yu; Olson, Daniel G.; Zhou, Jilai Metabolic Engineering, Vol. 15, p. 151-158 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2012.11.006	journal	January 2013
How biotech can transform biofuels Lynd, Lee R.; Laser, Mark S.; Bransby, David Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 26, Issue 2, p. 169-172 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0208-169	journal	February 2008
Peroxisomal alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase (AGT1) is a photorespiratory enzyme with multiple substrates in Arabidopsis thaliana: AGT1, a peroxisomal photorespiratory transaminase Liepman, Aaron H.; Olsen, Laura J. The Plant Journal, Vol. 25, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00961.x	journal	March 2001
Mutant alcohol dehydrogenase leads to improved ethanol tolerance in Clostridium thermocellum Brown, S. D.; Guss, A. M.; Karpinets, T. V. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1102444108	journal	August 2011
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High Ethanol Titers from Cellulose by Using Metabolically Engineered Thermophilic, Anaerobic Microbes Argyros, D. Aaron; Tripathi, Shital A.; Barrett, Trisha F. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 77, Issue 23, p. 8288-8294 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.00646-11	journal	September 2011
Development of pyrF-Based Genetic System for Targeted Gene Deletion in Clostridium thermocellum and Creation of a pta Mutant Tripathi, S. A.; Olson, D. G.; Argyros, D. A. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 76, Issue 19, p. 6591-6599 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01484-10	journal	August 2010
Reassessment of the Transhydrogenase/Malate Shunt Pathway in Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 through Kinetic Characterization of Malic Enzyme and Malate Dehydrogenase Taillefer, M.; Rydzak, T.; Levin, D. B. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 81, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.03360-14	journal	January 2015
Atypical Glycolysis in Clostridium thermocellum Zhou, Jilai; Olson, Daniel G.; Argyros, D. Aaron Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 79, Issue 9, p. 3000-3008 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.04037-12	journal	February 2013
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Fermentation of Cellulosic Substrates in Batch and Continuous Culture by Clostridium thermocellum Lynd, Lee Rybeck; Grethlein, Hans E.; Wolkin, Richard H. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 55, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.55.12.3131-3139.1989	journal	January 1989
Electrotransformation of Clostridium thermocellum Tyurin, M. V.; Desai, S. G.; Lynd, L. R. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Vol. 70, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.2.883-890.2004	journal	February 2004
Pyruvate Formate Lyase Acts as a Formate Supplier for Metabolic Processes during Anaerobiosis in Staphylococcus aureus Leibig, M.; Liebeke, M.; Mader, D. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 193, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.01161-10	journal	December 2010
Ethanol Production by Thermophilic Bacteria: Relationship Between Fermentation Product Yields of and Catabolic Enzyme Activities in Clostridium thermocellum and Thermoanaerobium brockii Lamed, R.; Zeikus, J. G. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 144, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.144.2.569-578.1980	journal	January 1980
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology Lynd, L. R.; Weimer, P. J.; van Zyl, W. H. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 66, Issue 3, p. 506-577 https://doi.org/10.1128/MMBR.66.3.506-577.2002	journal	September 2002
Microbial Cellulose Utilization: Fundamentals and Biotechnology Lynd, L. R.; Weimer, P. J.; van Zyl, W. H. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, Vol. 66, Issue 4, p. 739-739 https://doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.66.4.739.2002	journal	December 2002
Cloning and expression of the Clostridium thermocellum L-lactate dehydrogenase gene in Escherichia coli and enzyme characterization Özkan, Melek; Yllmaz, Ebru I.; Lynd, Lee R. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 50, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1139/w04-071	journal	October 2004
Formate synthesis by Clostridium thermocellum during anaerobic fermentation Sparling, Richard; Islam, Rumana; Cicek, Nazim Canadian Journal of Microbiology, Vol. 52, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1139/w06-021	journal	July 2006
Clostridium thermocellum ATCC27405 transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic profiles after ethanol stress Yang, Shihui; Giannone, Richard J.; Dice, Lezlee BMC Genomics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-13-336	journal	January 2012
Transcriptomic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 cellulose fermentation Raman, Babu; McKeown, Catherine K; Rodriguez, Miguel BMC Microbiology, Vol. 11, Issue 1, Article No. 134 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-11-134	journal	January 2011
Proteomic analysis of Clostridium thermocellum core metabolism: relative protein expression profiles and growth phase-dependent changes in protein expression Rydzak, Thomas; McQueen, Peter D.; Krokhin, Oleg V. BMC Microbiology, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-214	journal	January 2012
Dcm methylation is detrimental to plasmid transformation in Clostridium thermocellum Guss, Adam M.; Olson, Daniel G.; Caiazza, Nicky C. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-5-30	journal	January 2012
Clostridium thermocellum transcriptomic profiles after exposure to furfural or heat stress Wilson, Charlotte M.; Yang, Shihui; Rodriguez, Miguel Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-131	journal	January 2013
The exometabolome of Clostridium thermocellum reveals overflow metabolism at high cellulose loading Holwerda, Evert K.; Thorne, Philip G.; Olson, Daniel G. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-014-0155-1	journal	October 2014
Elimination of hydrogenase active site assembly blocks H2 production and increases ethanol yield in Clostridium thermocellum Biswas, Ranjita; Zheng, Tianyong; Olson, Daniel G. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0204-4	journal	January 2015
Impact of Pretreated Switchgrass and Biomass Carbohydrates on Clostridium thermocellum ATCC 27405 Cellulosome Composition: A Quantitative Proteomic Analysis Raman, Babu; Pan, Chongle; Hurst, Gregory B. PLoS ONE, Vol. 4, Issue 4, Article No. e5271 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0005271	journal	April 2009
Increase in Ethanol Yield via Elimination of Lactate Production in an Ethanol-Tolerant Mutant of Clostridium thermocellum Biswas, Ranjita; Prabhu, Sandeep; Lynd, Lee R. PLoS ONE, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0086389	journal	February 2014

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Cellulosic ethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing at 75 °C by engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Chung, Daehwan; Cha, Minseok; Snyder, Elise N. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0346-4	journal	October 2015
Simultaneous achievement of high ethanol yield and titer in Clostridium thermocellum Tian, Liang; Papanek, Beth; Olson, Daniel G. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0528-8	journal	June 2016
Improved growth rate in Clostridium thermocellum hydrogenase mutant via perturbed sulfur metabolism Biswas, Ranjita; Wilson, Charlotte M.; Giannone, Richard J. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0684-x	journal	January 2017
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Cellulosic ethanol production via consolidated bioprocessing at 75 °C by engineered Caldicellulosiruptor bescii Chung, Daehwan; Cha, Minseok; Snyder, Elise N. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0346-4	journal	October 2015
Simultaneous achievement of high ethanol yield and titer in Clostridium thermocellum Tian, Liang; Papanek, Beth; Olson, Daniel G. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0528-8	journal	June 2016
Exploring complex cellular phenotypes and model-guided strain design with a novel genome-scale metabolic model of Clostridium thermocellum DSM 1313 implementing an adjustable cellulosome Thompson, R. Adam; Dahal, Sanjeev; Garcia, Sergio Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0607-x	journal	September 2016
Improved growth rate in Clostridium thermocellum hydrogenase mutant via perturbed sulfur metabolism Biswas, Ranjita; Wilson, Charlotte M.; Giannone, Richard J. Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-016-0684-x	journal	January 2017
Expression of adhA from different organisms in Clostridium thermocellum Zheng, Tianyong; Cui, Jingxuan; Bae, Hye Ri Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0940-8	journal	November 2017
Clostridium thermocellum LL1210 pH homeostasis mechanisms informed by transcriptomics and metabolomics Whitham, Jason M.; Moon, Ji-Won; Rodriguez, Miguel Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1095-y	journal	April 2018

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