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Title: Detection of Lensing Substructure Using Alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy SDP.81

Abstract

We study the abundance of substructure in the matter density near galaxies using ALMA Science Verification observations of the strong lensing system SDP.81. We present a method to measure the abundance of subhalos around galaxies using interferometric observations of gravitational lenses. Using simulated ALMA observations we explore the effects of various systematics, including antenna phase errors and source priors, and show how such errors may be measured or marginalized. We apply our formalism to ALMA observations of SDP.81. We find evidence for the presence of a M = 108.96±0.12 M⊙ subhalo near one of the images, with a significance of 6.9σ in a joint fit to data from bands 6 and 7; the effect of the subhalo is also detected in both bands individually. We also derive constraints on the abundance of dark matter (DM) subhalos down to M ~ 2 × 107 M⊙, pushing down to the mass regime of the smallest detected satellites in the Local Group, where there are significant discrepancies between the observed population of luminous galaxies and predicted DM subhalos. We find hints of additional substructure, warranting further study using the full SDP.81 data set (including, for example, the spectroscopic imaging of the lensed carbonmore » monoxide emission). We compare the results of this search to the predictions of ΛCDM halos, and find that given current uncertainties in the host halo properties of SDP.81, our measurements of substructure are consistent with theoretical expectations. Finally, observations of larger samples of gravitational lenses with ALMA should be able to improve the constraints on the abundance of galactic substructure.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3]; ORCiD logo [4]; ORCiD logo [1];  [5];  [4];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [5];  [9];  [10];  [1]; ORCiD logo [5];  [4]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Dept. of Physics
  2. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Astronomy Dept.; Inst. for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ (United States). School of Natural Sciences; Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the universe, TODIAS; Univ. of Kwa-Zulu Natal, KwaZulu-Natal (South Africa)
  3. Univ. of Arizona, Tucson, AZ (United States). Steward Observatory
  4. Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Dept. of Physics; SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Dept. of Particle Physics and Astrophysics
  5. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States). Astronomy Dept.
  6. Univ. of Chicago, IL (United States). Kavli Inst. for Cosmological Physics (KICP)
  7. Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
  8. McGill Univ., Montreal, QC (Canada). Dept of Physics
  9. SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology and Dept. of Particle Physics and Astrophysics
  10. Univ. of Toronto, ON (Canada). Canadian Inst. for Theoretical Astrophysics
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF)
OSTI Identifier:
1280817
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-76SF00515; HST-HF2-51358.001-A; NAS 5-26555; AST-1212195; NNX12AD02G; AST-1312950; PLR-1248097; PHY-0114422; AC05-00OR22725; ACI-1053575; OCI-0725070; ACI-1238993
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal (Online); Journal Volume: 823; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 1538-4357
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; dark matter; gravitational lensing: strong

Citation Formats

Hezaveh, Yashar D., Dalal, Neal, Marrone, Daniel P., Mao, Yao-Yuan, Morningstar, Warren, Wen, Di, Blandford, Roger D., Carlstrom, John E., Fassnacht, Christopher D., Holder, Gilbert P., Kemball, Athol, Marshall, Philip J., Murray, Norman, Levasseur, Laurence Perreault, Vieira, Joaquin D., and Wechsler, Risa H. Detection of Lensing Substructure Using Alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy SDP.81. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/37.
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Hezaveh, Yashar D., Dalal, Neal, Marrone, Daniel P., Mao, Yao-Yuan, Morningstar, Warren, Wen, Di, Blandford, Roger D., Carlstrom, John E., Fassnacht, Christopher D., Holder, Gilbert P., Kemball, Athol, Marshall, Philip J., Murray, Norman, Levasseur, Laurence Perreault, Vieira, Joaquin D., & Wechsler, Risa H. Detection of Lensing Substructure Using Alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy SDP.81. United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/37
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Hezaveh, Yashar D., Dalal, Neal, Marrone, Daniel P., Mao, Yao-Yuan, Morningstar, Warren, Wen, Di, Blandford, Roger D., Carlstrom, John E., Fassnacht, Christopher D., Holder, Gilbert P., Kemball, Athol, Marshall, Philip J., Murray, Norman, Levasseur, Laurence Perreault, Vieira, Joaquin D., and Wechsler, Risa H. Thu . "Detection of Lensing Substructure Using Alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy SDP.81". United States. https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/37. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1280817.
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@article{osti_1280817,
title = {Detection of Lensing Substructure Using Alma Observations of the Dusty Galaxy SDP.81},
author = {Hezaveh, Yashar D. and Dalal, Neal and Marrone, Daniel P. and Mao, Yao-Yuan and Morningstar, Warren and Wen, Di and Blandford, Roger D. and Carlstrom, John E. and Fassnacht, Christopher D. and Holder, Gilbert P. and Kemball, Athol and Marshall, Philip J. and Murray, Norman and Levasseur, Laurence Perreault and Vieira, Joaquin D. and Wechsler, Risa H.},
abstractNote = {We study the abundance of substructure in the matter density near galaxies using ALMA Science Verification observations of the strong lensing system SDP.81. We present a method to measure the abundance of subhalos around galaxies using interferometric observations of gravitational lenses. Using simulated ALMA observations we explore the effects of various systematics, including antenna phase errors and source priors, and show how such errors may be measured or marginalized. We apply our formalism to ALMA observations of SDP.81. We find evidence for the presence of a M = 108.96±0.12 M⊙ subhalo near one of the images, with a significance of 6.9σ in a joint fit to data from bands 6 and 7; the effect of the subhalo is also detected in both bands individually. We also derive constraints on the abundance of dark matter (DM) subhalos down to M ~ 2 × 107 M⊙, pushing down to the mass regime of the smallest detected satellites in the Local Group, where there are significant discrepancies between the observed population of luminous galaxies and predicted DM subhalos. We find hints of additional substructure, warranting further study using the full SDP.81 data set (including, for example, the spectroscopic imaging of the lensed carbon monoxide emission). We compare the results of this search to the predictions of ΛCDM halos, and find that given current uncertainties in the host halo properties of SDP.81, our measurements of substructure are consistent with theoretical expectations. Finally, observations of larger samples of gravitational lenses with ALMA should be able to improve the constraints on the abundance of galactic substructure.},
doi = {10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/37},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal (Online)},
number = 1,
volume = 823,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu May 19 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Thu May 19 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/37
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journal, March 1994

Quantifying the heart of darkness with GHALO – a multibillion particle simulation of a galactic halo
text, January 2009

Clumps and streams in the local dark matter distribution
text, January 2008

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text, January 2010

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text, January 2013

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text, January 2015

Properties of Dark Subhaloes from Gaps in Tidal Streams
text, January 2015

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text, January 2000

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text, January 2003

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text, January 2006

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text, January 1999

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    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1234

    Galaxy mass profiles from strong lensing I: the circular power-law model
    journal, June 2019

    • O’Riordan, C. M.; Warren, S. J.; Mortlock, D. J.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1603

    Quantifying the power spectrum of small-scale structure in semi-analytic galaxies
    journal, August 2019

    • Brennan, Sean; Benson, Andrew J.; Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1607

    The tidal evolution of dark matter substructure – I. subhalo density profiles
    journal, October 2019

    • Green, Sheridan B.; van den Bosch, Frank C.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2767

    Warm dark matter chills out: constraints on the halo mass function and the free-streaming length of dark matter with eight quadruple-image strong gravitational lenses
    journal, December 2019

    • Gilman, Daniel; Birrer, Simon; Nierenberg, Anna
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 491, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3480

    DASH: a library of dynamical subhalo evolution
    journal, February 2019

    • Ogiya, Go; van den Bosch, Frank C.; Hahn, Oliver
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz375

    Low-mass halo perturbations in strong gravitational lenses at redshift z  ∼ 0.5 are consistent with CDM
    journal, February 2019

    • Ritondale, E.; Vegetti, S.; Despali, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz464

    Fast molecular outflow from a dusty star-forming galaxy in the early Universe
    journal, September 2018

    Dark Matter Haloes and Subhaloes
    journal, September 2019

    Probing the Small-scale Structure in Strongly Lensed Systems via Transdimensional Inference
    journal, February 2018

    • Daylan, Tansu; Cyr-Racine, Francis-Yan; Rivero, Ana Diaz
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaaa1e

    An Analysis of ALMA Deep Fields and the Perceived Dearth of High- z Galaxies
    journal, July 2018

    • Casey, Caitlin M.; Hodge, Jacqueline; Zavala, Jorge A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aacd11

    Probing Dark Matter Subhalos in Galaxy Clusters Using Highly Magnified Stars
    journal, October 2018

    • Dai, Liang; Venumadhav, Tejaswi; Kaurov, Alexander A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae478

    Spatially Resolved [C ii] Emission in SPT0346-52: A Hyper-starburst Galaxy Merger at z ∼ 5.7
    journal, January 2019

    • Litke, Katrina C.; Marrone, Daniel P.; Spilker, Justin S.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf057

    The Spur and the Gap in GD-1: Dynamical Evidence for a Dark Substructure in the Milky Way Halo
    journal, July 2019

    • Bonaca, Ana; Hogg, David W.; Price-Whelan, Adrian M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2873

    Spatially Resolved Water Emission from Gravitationally Lensed Dusty Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 3
    journal, July 2019

    • Jarugula, Sreevani; Vieira, Joaquin D.; Spilker, Justin S.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab290d

    A Precision Measurement of the Mass of the Black Hole in NGC 3258 from High-resolution ALMA Observations of Its Circumnuclear Disk
    journal, August 2019

    • Boizelle, Benjamin D.; Barth, Aaron J.; Walsh, Jonelle L.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a0a

    Data-driven Reconstruction of Gravitationally Lensed Galaxies Using Recurrent Inference Machines
    journal, September 2019

    • Morningstar, Warren R.; Levasseur, Laurence Perreault; Hezaveh, Yashar D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab35d7

    Constraints on Dark Matter Microphysics from the Milky Way Satellite Population
    journal, June 2019

    • Nadler, Ethan O.; Gluscevic, Vera; Boddy, Kimberly K.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 878, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab1eb2

    Measuring the power spectrum of dark matter substructure using strong gravitational lensing
    journal, November 2016

    • Hezaveh, Yashar; Dalal, Neal; Holder, Gilbert
    • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2016, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2016/11/048

    Constraining the mass density of free-floating black holes using razor-thin lensing arcs
    journal, November 2018

    • Banik, Uddipan; van den Bosch, Frank C.; Tremmel, Michael
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3267

    Probing dark matter structure down to 107 solar masses: flux ratio statistics in gravitational lenses with line-of-sight haloes
    journal, June 2019

    • Gilman, Daniel; Birrer, Simon; Treu, Tommaso
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1593

    The interplay of self-interacting dark matter and baryons in shaping the halo evolution
    journal, January 2019

    • Despali, Giulia; Sparre, Martin; Vegetti, Simona
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz273

    The case against gravitational millilensing in the multiply-imaged quasar B1152+199
    journal, December 2019

    • Asadi, Saghar; Zackrisson, Erik; Varenius, Eskil
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3450

    Stellar Wakes from Dark Matter Subhalos
    journal, May 2018

    The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts
    text, January 2019

    • Ade, P.; Aguirre, J.; Ahmed, Z.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.38168

    The boss Emission-Line lens Survey. iv. Smooth lens Models for the Bells Gallery Sample
    journal, December 2016

    Resolved Molecular Gas and Star Formation Properties of the Strongly Lensed z = 2.26 Galaxy SDSS J0901+1814
    journal, July 2019

    • Sharon, Chelsea E.; Tagore, Amitpal S.; Baker, Andrew J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 879, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab22b9

    Mining for Dark Matter Substructure: Inferring Subhalo Population Properties from Strong Lenses with Machine Learning
    journal, November 2019

    • Brehmer, Johann; Mishra-Sharma, Siddharth; Hermans, Joeri
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab4c41

    The Simons Observatory: science goals and forecasts
    journal, February 2019

    • Ade, Peter; Aguirre, James; Ahmed, Zeeshan
    • Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 02
    • DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2019/02/056

    LinKS: discovering galaxy-scale strong lenses in the Kilo-Degree Survey using convolutional neural networks
    journal, January 2019

    • Petrillo, C. E.; Tortora, C.; Vernardos, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz189

    Linear perturbation theory for tidal streams and the small-scale CDM power spectrum
    text, January 2017

    • Bovy, J.; Erkal, Denis; Sanders, Jason
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.47048

    Star Formation at z = 2.481 in the Lensed Galaxy SDSS J1110 = 6459. I. Lens Modeling and Source Reconstruction
    journal, July 2017

    • Johnson, Traci L.; Sharon, Keren; Gladders, Michael D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 843, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aa7756

    Probing the nature of dark matter by forward modelling flux ratios in strong gravitational lenses
    journal, August 2018

    • Gilman, Daniel; Birrer, Simon; Treu, Tommaso
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2261

    The number and size of subhalo-induced gaps in stellar streams
    text, January 2016

    • Erkal, Denis; Belokurov, Vasily; Bovy, Jo
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.4619

    A Dark Census: Statistically Detecting the Satellite Populations of Distant Galaxies
    text, January 2015

    The number and size of subhalo-induced gaps in stellar streams
    text, January 2016

    Ultralight scalars as cosmological dark matter
    text, January 2016

    Probing the small-scale structure in strongly lensed systems via transdimensional inference
    text, January 2017

    Stellar Wakes from Dark Matter Subhalos
    text, January 2017

    Testing Star Formation Laws in a Starburst Galaxy At Redshift 3 Resolved with ALMA
    text, January 2017

    Tidal disruption of fuzzy dark matter subhalo cores
    text, January 2018

    Halometry from Astrometry
    text, January 2018

    The Simons Observatory: Science goals and forecasts
    text, January 2018

    Fast Molecular Outflow from a Dusty Star-Forming Galaxy in the Early Universe
    text, January 2018

    Constraining the mass density of free-floating black holes using razor-thin lensing arcs
    text, January 2018

    The case for gravitational millilensing in the multiply--imaged quasar B1152+199
    text, January 2018

    Galaxy mass profiles from strong lensing I: The circular power-law model
    text, January 2019

    Constraints on Dark Matter Microphysics from the Milky Way Satellite Population
    text, January 2019

    Fluorescent rings in star-free dark matter haloes
    text, January 2019

    Imaging the Molecular Interstellar Medium in a Gravitationally Lensed Star-forming Galaxy at z=5.7
    text, January 2019

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