Global Carbon Budget 2015
Abstract
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We also discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. Moreover, the mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based onmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
[2];
more »
- Univ. of East Anglia, Norwich (United Kingdom)
- CICERO, Oslo (Norway)
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra (Australia)
- Univ. of Exeter (United Kingdom)
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
- Woods Hole Research Center, Falmouth, MA (United States)
- Univ. of Bristol (United Kingdom)
- Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Boulder, CO (United States)
- Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
- Univ. of Miami, FL (United States); National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Lab., Boulder, CO (United States)
- CEA-CNRS-UVSQ (France)
- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- Aix-Marseille Univ., and CNRS/IN2P3, Marseille (France)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL), Seattle, WA (United States)
- InnovOcean site, Ostend (Belgium)
- Alfred Wegener Inst. for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhave (Germany)
- Max Planck Inst. for Meteorology, Hamburg (Germany)
- Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL (United States)
- Inst. of Applied Energy (IAE), Tokyo (Japan)
- Plymouth Marine Lab. (United Kingdom)
- Hague/ Bilthoven and Utrecht Univ. (Netherlands)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Univ. of Zurich (Switzerland)
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen (Norway)
- Sorbonne Univ., Paris (France)
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Tasmania (Australia)
- Univ. of Miami, FL (United States)
- Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
- Japan Agency for Marine-Eart Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka (Japan)
- National Inst. for Environmental Studies (NIES), Ibaraki (Japan)
- Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
- Univ. of Bergen (Norway); Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen (Norway)
- Fisheries Research Agency, Yokohama (Japan)
- Marine Research Inst. (CSIC), Pontevedra (Spain)
- Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
- Leibniz Inst. for Baltic Sea Research Warnemunde, Rostock (Germany)
- Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry
- Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo (Japan)
- National Centre for Meteorological Research (CNRM)
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Center for Ocean Research Kiel (Germany)
- Univ. of Bern (Switzerland); Imperial College, Berkshire (United Kingdom)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Pacific Marine Environmental Lab (PMEL), Seattle, WA (United States); Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
- Columbia Univ., Palisades, NY (United States). Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmospher and Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Co-operative Research Center, Hobart (Australia)
- Wageningen Univ. (Netherlands); ICOS-Carbon Portal, Wageningen (Netherlands)
- VU Univ. Amsterdam (Netherlands)
- Royal Netherlands Inst. for Sea Research, Texel (Netherlands)
- Univ. of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)
- Met Office Hadley Center, Exeter (United Kingdom)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1265897
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1378688
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-00OR22725; AC02-05CH11231
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Earth System Science Data (Online)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Earth System Science Data (Online); Journal Volume: 7; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1866-3516
- Publisher:
- Copernicus
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Citation Formats
Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N. Global Carbon Budget 2015. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.5194/essd-7-349-2015.
Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., & Zeng, N. Global Carbon Budget 2015. United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015
Le Quéré, C., Moriarty, R., Andrew, R. M., Canadell, J. G., Sitch, S., Korsbakken, J. I., Friedlingstein, P., Peters, G. P., Andres, R. J., Boden, T. A., Houghton, R. A., House, J. I., Keeling, R. F., Tans, P., Arneth, A., Bakker, D. C. E., Barbero, L., Bopp, L., Chang, J., Chevallier, F., Chini, L. P., Ciais, P., Fader, M., Feely, R. A., Gkritzalis, T., Harris, I., Hauck, J., Ilyina, T., Jain, A. K., Kato, E., Kitidis, V., Klein Goldewijk, K., Koven, C., Landschützer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Lenton, A., Lima, I. D., Metzl, N., Millero, F., Munro, D. R., Murata, A., Nabel, J. E. M. S., Nakaoka, S., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K., Olsen, A., Ono, T., Pérez, F. F., Pfeil, B., Pierrot, D., Poulter, B., Rehder, G., Rödenbeck, C., Saito, S., Schuster, U., Schwinger, J., Séférian, R., Steinhoff, T., Stocker, B. D., Sutton, A. J., Takahashi, T., Tilbrook, B., van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T., van der Werf, G. R., van Heuven, S., Vandemark, D., Viovy, N., Wiltshire, A., Zaehle, S., and Zeng, N. Mon .
"Global Carbon Budget 2015". United States. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-7-349-2015. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1265897.
@article{osti_1265897,
title = {Global Carbon Budget 2015},
author = {Le Quéré, C. and Moriarty, R. and Andrew, R. M. and Canadell, J. G. and Sitch, S. and Korsbakken, J. I. and Friedlingstein, P. and Peters, G. P. and Andres, R. J. and Boden, T. A. and Houghton, R. A. and House, J. I. and Keeling, R. F. and Tans, P. and Arneth, A. and Bakker, D. C. E. and Barbero, L. and Bopp, L. and Chang, J. and Chevallier, F. and Chini, L. P. and Ciais, P. and Fader, M. and Feely, R. A. and Gkritzalis, T. and Harris, I. and Hauck, J. and Ilyina, T. and Jain, A. K. and Kato, E. and Kitidis, V. and Klein Goldewijk, K. and Koven, C. and Landschützer, P. and Lauvset, S. K. and Lefèvre, N. and Lenton, A. and Lima, I. D. and Metzl, N. and Millero, F. and Munro, D. R. and Murata, A. and Nabel, J. E. M. S. and Nakaoka, S. and Nojiri, Y. and O'Brien, K. and Olsen, A. and Ono, T. and Pérez, F. F. and Pfeil, B. and Pierrot, D. and Poulter, B. and Rehder, G. and Rödenbeck, C. and Saito, S. and Schuster, U. and Schwinger, J. and Séférian, R. and Steinhoff, T. and Stocker, B. D. and Sutton, A. J. and Takahashi, T. and Tilbrook, B. and van der Laan-Luijkx, I. T. and van der Werf, G. R. and van Heuven, S. and Vandemark, D. and Viovy, N. and Wiltshire, A. and Zaehle, S. and Zeng, N.},
abstractNote = {Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe data sets and a methodology to quantify all major components of the global carbon budget, including their uncertainties, based on the combination of a range of data, algorithms, statistics, and model estimates and their interpretation by a broad scientific community. We also discuss changes compared to previous estimates as well as consistency within and among components, alongside methodology and data limitations. CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and industry (EFF) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on combined evidence from land-cover-change data, fire activity associated with deforestation, and models. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its rate of growth (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. Moreover, the mean ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is based on observations from the 1990s, while the annual anomalies and trends are estimated with ocean models. The variability in SOCEAN is evaluated with data products based on surveys of ocean CO2 measurements. The global residual terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated by the difference of the other terms of the global carbon budget and compared to results of independent dynamic global vegetation models forced by observed climate, CO2, and land-cover change (some including nitrogen–carbon interactions). We compare the mean land and ocean fluxes and their variability to estimates from three atmospheric inverse methods for three broad latitude bands. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ, reflecting the current capacity to characterise the annual estimates of each component of the global carbon budget. For the last decade available (2005–2014), EFF was 9.0 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, ELUC was 0.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 4.4 ± 0.1 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.6 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 3.0 ± 0.8 GtC yr-1. For the year 2014 alone, EFF grew to 9.8 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, 0.6 % above 2013, continuing the growth trend in these emissions, albeit at a slower rate compared to the average growth of 2.2 % yr-1 that took place during 2005–2014. Also, for 2014, ELUC was 1.1 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, GATM was 3.9 ± 0.2 GtC yr-1, SOCEAN was 2.9 ± 0.5 GtC yr-1, and SLAND was 4.1 ± 0.9 GtC yr-1. GATM was lower in 2014 compared to the past decade (2005–2014), reflecting a larger SLAND for that year. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 397.15 ± 0.10 ppm averaged over 2014. For 2015, preliminary data indicate that the growth in EFF will be near or slightly below zero, with a projection of -0.6 [range of -1.6 to +0.5] %, based on national emissions projections for China and the USA, and projections of gross domestic product corrected for recent changes in the carbon intensity of the global economy for the rest of the world. From this projection of EFF and assumed constant ELUC for 2015, cumulative emissions of CO2 will reach about 555 ± 55 GtC (2035 ± 205 GtCO2) for 1870–2015, about 75 % from EFF and 25 % from ELUC. Finally, this living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new carbon budget compared with previous publications of this data set (Le Quéré et al., 2015, 2014, 2013). All observations presented here can be downloaded from the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (doi:10.3334/CDIAC/GCP_2015).},
doi = {10.5194/essd-7-349-2015},
journal = {Earth System Science Data (Online)},
number = 2,
volume = 7,
place = {United States},
year = {2015},
month = {12}
}
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