Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers

Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Collins, Brian A.; Sessolo, Michele; Stavrinidou, Eleni; Strakosas, Xenofon; Tassone, Christopher; Delongchamp, Dean M.; Malliaras, George G.

doi:10.1038/ncomms11287

Title: Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers

Journal Article · Tue Apr 19 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · Nature Communications

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms11287 · OSTI ID:1253733

^[1]; Inal, Sahika ^[1]; Collins, Brian A. ^[2]; Sessolo, Michele ^[3]; Stavrinidou, Eleni ^[1]; Strakosas, Xenofon ^[1]; Tassone, Christopher ^[4]; Delongchamp, Dean M. ^[5]; Malliaras, George G. ^[1]

Ecole Nationale Superieure des Mines, CMP-EMSE, MOC, Gardanne (France)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States); Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA (United States)
Univ. de Valencia, Paterna (Spain)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(styrenesulfonate), PEDOT:PSS, has been utilized for over two decades as a stable, solution-processable hole conductor. While its hole transport properties have been the subject of intense investigation, recent work has turned to PEDOT:PSS as a mixed ionic/electronic conductor in applications including bioelectronics, energy storage and management, and soft robotics. Conducting polymers can efficiently transport both holes and ions when sufficiently hydrated, however, little is known about the role of morphology on mixed conduction. Here, we show that bulk ionic and electronic mobilities are simultaneously affected by processing-induced changes in nano- and meso-scale structure in PEDOT:PSS films. We quantify domain composition, and find that domain purification on addition of dispersion co-solvents limits ion mobility, even while electronic conductivity improves. We show that an optimal morphology allows for the balanced ionic and electronic transport that is critical for prototypical mixed conductor devices. As a result, these findings may pave the way for the rational design of polymeric materials and processing routes to enhance devices reliant on mixed conduction.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1253733

Journal Information:: Nature Communications, Journal Name: Nature Communications Vol. 7; ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Development and Translation of PEDOT:PSS Microelectrodes for Intraoperative Monitoring Ganji, Mehran; Kaestner, Erik; Hermiz, John Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201700232	journal	May 2017
Structural Effects of Gating Poly(3-hexylthiophene) through an Ionic Liquid Guardado, Jesus O.; Salleo, Alberto Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201701791	journal	July 2017
Scaling Effects on the Electrochemical Performance of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), Au, and Pt for Electrocorticography Recording Ganji, Mehran; Elthakeb, Ahmed T.; Tanaka, Atsunori Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201703018	journal	September 2017
Scaling Effects on the Electrochemical Stimulation Performance of Au, Pt, and PEDOT:PSS Electrocorticography Arrays Ganji, Mehran; Tanaka, Atsunori; Gilja, Vikash Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201703019	journal	August 2017
Electronic and Ionic Materials for Neurointerfaces Ferro, Marc D.; Melosh, Nicholas A. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201704335	journal	November 2017
Materials in Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Bioelectronic Applications: Past, Present, and Future Moser, Maximilian; Ponder, James F.; Wadsworth, Andrew Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807033	journal	December 2018
Role of the Anion on the Transport and Structure of Organic Mixed Conductors Cendra, Camila; Giovannitti, Alexander; Savva, Achilleas Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807034	journal	December 2018
Robust High Thermoelectric Harvesting Under a Self-Humidifying Bilayer of Metal Organic Framework and Hydrogel Layer Kim, Byeonggwan; Na, Jongbeom; Lim, Hanwhuy Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807549	journal	December 2018
Transcatheter Self-Powered Ultrasensitive Endocardial Pressure Sensor Liu, Zhuo; Ma, Ye; Ouyang, Han Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201807560	journal	November 2018
Interface Molecular Engineering for Laminated Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with 80.4% Fill Factor Ramírez Quiroz, César Omar; Spyropoulos, George D.; Salvador, Michael Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201901476	journal	August 2019
Tuning Channel Architecture of Interdigitated Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Recording the Action Potentials of Electrogenic Cells Liang, Yuanying; Brings, Fabian; Maybeck, Vanessa Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902085	journal	May 2019
Controlling Electrostatic Interaction in PEDOT:PSS to Overcome Thermoelectric Tradeoff Relation Ju, Duckhyun; Kim, Daegun; Yook, Hyunwoo Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201905590	journal	September 2019
Emerging Soft Conductors for Bioelectronic Interfaces Gao, Dace; Parida, Kaushik; Lee, Pooi See Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907184	journal	November 2019
Balancing Ionic and Electronic Conduction for High‐Performance Organic Electrochemical Transistors Savva, Achilleas; Hallani, Rawad; Cendra, Camila Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201907657	journal	January 2020
Monitoring of Cell Layer Integrity with a Current‐Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistor Lingstedt, Leona V.; Ghittorelli, Matteo; Brückner, Maximilian Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201900128	journal	July 2019
Soft and Ion‐Conducting Materials in Bioelectronics: From Conducting Polymers to Hydrogels Jia, Manping; Rolandi, Marco Advanced Healthcare Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201901372	journal	January 2020
Molecular-Level Hybridization of Nafion with Quantum Dots for Highly Enhanced Proton Conduction Wu, Wenjia; Li, Yifan; Liu, Jindun Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707516	journal	March 2018
Recent Advances in Materials, Devices, and Systems for Neural Interfaces Won, Sang Min; Song, Enming; Zhao, Jianing Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800534	journal	May 2018
Active Materials for Organic Electrochemical Transistors Zeglio, Erica; Inganäs, Olle Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201800941	journal	July 2018
Materials and Structures toward Soft Electronics Wang, Chunfeng; Wang, Chonghe; Huang, Zhenlong Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801368	journal	August 2018
Carbon-Based Photocathode Materials for Solar Hydrogen Production Bellani, Sebastiano; Antognazza, Maria Rosa; Bonaccorso, Francesco Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201801446	journal	September 2018
Macroscale Biomolecular Electronics and Ionics Amdursky, Nadav; Głowacki, Eric Daniel; Meredith, Paul Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201802221	journal	September 2018
Balancing Charge Storage and Mobility in an Oligo(Ether) Functionalized Dioxythiophene Copolymer for Organic‐ and Aqueous‐ Based Electrochemical Devices and Transistors Savagian, Lisa R.; Österholm, Anna M.; Ponder, James F. Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201804647	journal	August 2018
Ionic-Liquid Doping Enables High Transconductance, Fast Response Time, and High Ion Sensitivity in Organic Electrochemical Transistors Wu, Xihu; Surendran, Abhijith; Ko, Jieun Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201805544	journal	November 2018
Stretchable Conductive Polymers and Composites Based on PEDOT and PEDOT:PSS Kayser, Laure V.; Lipomi, Darren J. Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201806133	journal	January 2019
Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E‐Skin and E‐Textile Devices Wang, Binghao; Facchetti, Antonio Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 28 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201901408	journal	May 2019
Molecular Semiconductors for Logic Operations: Dead‐End or Bright Future? Schweicher, Guillaume; Garbay, Guillaume; Jouclas, Rémy Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201905909	journal	January 2020
Deposition Dependent Ion Transport in Doped Conjugated Polymer Films: Insights for Creating High-Performance Electrochemical Devices Zhang, Lushuai; Andrew, Trisha L. Advanced Materials Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201700873	journal	October 2017
Facile Nanopatterning of PEDOT:PSS Thin Films ElMahmoudy, Mohammed; Charrier, Anne M.; Malliaras, George G. Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/admt.201700344	journal	February 2018
Conducting Polymer Electrocatalysts for Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer Reactions: Toward Organic Fuel Cells with Forest Fuels Che, Canyan; Vagin, Mikhail; Wijeratne, Kosala Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201800021	journal	May 2018
Improving the Performance of Paper Supercapacitors Using Redox Molecules from Plants Edberg, Jesper; Brooke, Robert; Granberg, Hjalmar Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adsu.201900050	journal	May 2019
Taking Electrons out of Bioelectronics: From Bioprotonic Transistors to Ion Channels Strakosas, Xenofon; Selberg, John; Hemmatian, Zahra Advanced Science, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201600527	journal	March 2017
A Multiparameter Pressure–Temperature–Humidity Sensor Based on Mixed Ionic–Electronic Cellulose Aerogels Han, Shaobo; Alvi, Naveed Ul Hassan; Granlöf, Lars Advanced Science, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201802128	journal	February 2019
Impact of Eumelanin-PEDOT Blending: Increased PEDOT Crystalline Order and Packing-Conductivity Relationship in Ternary PEDOT:PSS:Eumelanin Thin Films Migliaccio, Ludovico; Altamura, Davide; Scattarella, Francesco Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800585	journal	January 2019
Effect of DMSO Solvent Treatments on the Performance of PEDOT:PSS Based Organic Electrochemical Transistors Lingstedt, Leona V.; Ghittorelli, Matteo; Lu, Hao Advanced Electronic Materials https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800804	journal	February 2019
Advances in n‐Type Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices Sun, Yimeng; Di, Chong‐An; Xu, Wei Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800825	journal	February 2019
The Role of Ordering on the Thermoelectric Properties of Blends of Regioregular and Regiorandom Poly(3‐hexylthiophene) Lim, Eunhee; Glaudell, Anne M.; Miller, Rachel Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800915	journal	April 2019
Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): Chemical Synthesis, Transport Properties, and Thermoelectric Devices Petsagkourakis, Ioannis; Kim, Nara; Tybrandt, Klas Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800918	journal	March 2019
Solvent Engineering for High‐Performance n‐Type Organic Electrochemical Transistors Savva, Achilleas; Ohayon, David; Surgailis, Jokubas Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900249	journal	June 2019
High‐Transconductance Stretchable Transistors Achieved by Controlled Gold Microcrack Morphology Matsuhisa, Naoji; Jiang, Ying; Liu, Zhiyuan Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201900347	journal	July 2019
Solution-Processable Conjugated Polymers as Anode Interfacial Layer Materials for Organic Solar Cells Xu, Bowei; Hou, Jianhui Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201800022	journal	April 2018
Wide Potential Window Supercapacitors Using Open‐Shell Donor–Acceptor Conjugated Polymers with Stable N‐Doped States Wang, Kaiping; Huang, Lifeng; Eedugurala, Naresh Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201902806	journal	October 2019
Electrically controlled cellular migration on a periodically micropatterned PEDOT:PSS conducting polymer platform ElMahmoudy, M.; Curto, V. F.; Ferro, M. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 136, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.47029	journal	August 2018
A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS Tan, Ellasia; Pappa, Anna‐Maria; Pitsalidis, Charalampos Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 117, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.27187	journal	October 2019
Transparent Wood Smart Windows: Polymer Electrochromic Devices Based on Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene):Poly(Styrene Sulfonate) Electrodes Lang, Augustus W.; Li, Yuanyuan; De Keersmaecker, Michel ChemSusChem, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201702026	journal	February 2018
Tailoring the Electrochemical and Mechanical Properties of PEDOT:PSS Films for Bioelectronics ElMahmoudy, Mohammed; Inal, Sahika; Charrier, Anne Macromolecular Materials and Engineering, Vol. 302, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/mame.201600497	journal	February 2017
Understanding the Impact of Film Disorder and Local Surface Potential in Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of PEDOT Muñoz, William A.; Crispin, Xavier; Fahlman, Mats Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 39, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201700533	journal	December 2017
A bird's eye view of the synthesis and practical application of conducting polymers Evans, Drew Polymer International, Vol. 67, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.5531	journal	February 2018
Recent Advances of Flexible Data Storage Devices Based on Organic Nanoscaled Materials Zhou, Li; Mao, Jingyu; Ren, Yi Small, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201703126	journal	January 2018
Microscopic Determination of Carrier Density and Mobility in Working Organic Electrochemical Transistors Mariani, Federica; Conzuelo, Felipe; Cramer, Tobias Small, Vol. 15, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201902534	journal	August 2019
Organic electrochemical transistors Rivnay, Jonathan; Inal, Sahika; Salleo, Alberto Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2017.86	journal	January 2018
Benchmarking organic mixed conductors for transistors Inal, Sahika; Malliaras, George G.; Rivnay, Jonathan Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01812-w	journal	November 2017
Influence of PEDOT:PSS crystallinity and composition on electrochemical transistor performance and long-term stability Kim, Seong-Min; Kim, Chang-Hyun; Kim, Youngseok Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-06084-6	journal	September 2018
Megahertz-wave-transmitting conducting polymer electrode for device-to-device integration Kim, Taehoon; Kim, Gwangmook; Kim, Hyeohn Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08552-z	journal	February 2019
Pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogels Lu, Baoyang; Yuk, Hyunwoo; Lin, Shaoting Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09003-5	journal	March 2019
Ion buffering and interface charge enable high performance electronics with organic electrochemical transistors Romele, Paolo; Ghittorelli, Matteo; Kovács-Vajna, Zsolt Miklós Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-11073-4	journal	July 2019
Soft and elastic hydrogel-based microelectronics for localized low-voltage neuromodulation Liu, Yuxin; Liu, Jia; Chen, Shucheng Nature Biomedical Engineering, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-018-0335-6	journal	January 2019
Organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors Paulsen, Bryan D.; Tybrandt, Klas; Stavrinidou, Eleni Nature Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-019-0435-z	journal	August 2019
Enhancement-mode ion-based transistor as a comprehensive interface and real-time processing unit for in vivo electrophysiology Cea, Claudia; Spyropoulos, George D.; Jastrzebska-Perfect, Patricia Nature Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-020-0638-3	journal	March 2020
The role of chemical design in the performance of organic semiconductors Bronstein, Hugo; Nielsen, Christian B.; Schroeder, Bob C. Nature Reviews Chemistry, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-019-0152-9	journal	January 2020
Inorganic semiconductor biointerfaces Jiang, Yuanwen; Tian, Bozhi Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-018-0062-3	journal	November 2018
Next-generation interfaces for studying neural function Frank, James A.; Antonini, Marc-Joseph; Anikeeva, Polina Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 37, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0198-8	journal	August 2019
Human sweat monitoring using polymer-based fiber Lim, Taekyung; Kim, Youngseok; Jeong, Sang-Mi Scientific Reports, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53677-2	journal	November 2019
A flexible polyaniline-based bioelectronic patch Cui, Chen; Faraji, Nastaran; Lauto, Antonio Biomaterials Science, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c7bm00880e	journal	January 2018
Anion–π interactions of highly π-acidic dipyridinium-naphthalene diimide salts Tam, Teck Lip Dexter; Ng, Chee Koon; Lu, Xuefeng Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 53 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc03941k	journal	January 2018
Morphology and ion diffusion in PEDOT:Tos. A coarse grained molecular dynamics simulation Modarresi, Mohsen; Franco-Gonzalez, Juan Felipe; Zozoulenko, Igor Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp02902d	journal	January 2018
Computational microscopy study of the granular structure and pH dependence of PEDOT:PSS Modarresi, Mohsen; Franco-Gonzalez, Juan Felipe; Zozoulenko, Igor Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 21, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cp07141a	journal	January 2019
Hydrogel bioelectronics Yuk, Hyunwoo; Lu, Baoyang; Zhao, Xuanhe Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00595h	journal	January 2019
Materials and structural designs of stretchable conductors Matsuhisa, Naoji; Chen, Xiaodong; Bao, Zhenan Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs00814k	journal	January 2019
Morphological effects on polymeric mixed ionic/electronic conductors Onorato, Jonathan W.; Luscombe, Christine K. Molecular Systems Design & Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8me00093j	journal	January 2019
Technology-driven layer-by-layer assembly of a membrane for selective separation of monovalent anions and antifouling Zhao, Yan; Gao, Congjie; Van der Bruggen, Bart Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8nr09086f	journal	January 2019
Ionically cross-linked PEDOT:PSS as a multi-functional conductive binder for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries Yan, Longlong; Gao, Xiguang; Thomas, Joseph Palathinkal Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8se00167g	journal	January 2018
Free-standing protective films for enhancing the cyclability of organic batteries Zhu, Shaolong; Tang, Mi; Wu, Yanchao Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8se00477c	journal	January 2019
Lipid bilayer formation on organic electronic materials Zhang, Yi; Wustoni, Shofarul; Savva, Achilleas Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc00370j	journal	January 2018
Ionic-to-electronic coupling efficiency in PEDOT:PSS films operated in aqueous electrolytes Savva, Achilleas; Wustoni, Shofarul; Inal, Sahika Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc02195c	journal	January 2018
Organic semiconductors for biological sensing Borges-González, Jorge; Kousseff, Christina J.; Nielsen, Christian B. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc05900d	journal	January 2019
Carrier dynamic monitoring of a π-conjugated polymer: a surface-enhanced Raman scattering method Zhang, Xin-Yuan; Yang, Shuo; Yang, Lili Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cc09426a	journal	January 2020
Generating semi-metallic conductivity in polymers by laser-driven nanostructural reorganization Yun, Changhun; Han, Joo Won; Kim, Soyeon Materials Horizons, Vol. 6, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9mh00959k	journal	January 2019
Tuning the morphology of the active layer of organic solar cells by spin 1/2 radicals Qin, Yuancheng; Li, Manman; Xie, Yu New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nj01878f	journal	January 2019
Nanostructured electrically conductive hydrogels obtained via ultrafast laser processing and self-assembly Tao, Yufeng; Wei, Chengyiran; Liu, Jingwei Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr01230c	journal	January 2019
Oxide rupture-induced conductivity in liquid metal nanoparticles by laser and thermal sintering Liu, Shanliangzi; Reed, Serrae N.; Higgins, Matthew J. Nanoscale, Vol. 11, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9nr03903a	journal	January 2019
Conjugated electrochromic polymers with amide-containing side chains enabling aqueous electrolyte compatibility Perera, Kuluni; Yi, Zhengran; You, Liyan Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 11, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9py01066a	journal	January 2020
A highly porous and conductive composite gate electrode for OTFT sensors Yambem, Soniya D.; Burns, Samantha; Arthur, Joshua N. RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra00148d	journal	January 2019
The intrinsic volumetric capacitance of conducting polymers: pseudo-capacitors or double-layer supercapacitors? Sahalianov, Ihor; Singh, Sandeep Kumar; Tybrandt, Klas RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 72 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10250g	journal	January 2019
Alternative current electroluminescence and flexible light emitting devices Jayathilaka, Wanasinghe Arachchige Dumith Madushanka; Chinnappan, Amutha; Tey, Ju Nie Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc01267b	journal	January 2019
Solution-processable electrochromic materials and devices: roadblocks and strategies towards large-scale applications Li, Xuefei; Perera, Kuluni; He, Jiazhi Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02861g	journal	January 2019
The key mechanism of conductivity in PEDOT:PSS thin films exposed by anomalous conduction behaviour upon solvent-doping and sulfuric acid post-treatment Hosseini, Ehsan; Ozhukil Kollath, Vinayaraj; Karan, Kunal Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc06311k	journal	January 2020
Silicon surface passivation by polystyrenesulfonate thin films Chen, Jianhui; Shen, Yanjiao; Guo, Jianxin Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4976949	journal	February 2017
Printed, 1 V electrolyte-gated transistors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) operating at >10 kHz on plastic Zare Bidoky, Fazel; Hyun, Woo Jin; Song, Donghoon Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5025475	journal	July 2018
Bulk electronic transport impacts on electron transfer at conducting polymer electrode–electrolyte interfaces Wijeratne, Kosala; Ail, Ujwala; Brooke, Robert Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 115, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806087115	journal	November 2018
Oxidant aggregate-induced porosity in vapour-deposited polymer films and correlated impact on electrochemical properties Viola, Wesley; Zhang, Lushuai; Andrew, Trisha L. Supramolecular Chemistry, Vol. 31, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/10610278.2019.1623892	journal	May 2019
Tuneable thermal expansion of poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate Music, Denis; Elalfy, Loay Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 31, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-648X/aafdda	journal	January 2019
Resistive switching of organic–inorganic hybrid devices of conductive polymer and permeable ultra-thin SiO ₂ films Yamamoto, Shunsuke; Kitanaka, Takahisa; Miyashita, Tokuji Nanotechnology, Vol. 29, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aabdc6	journal	April 2018
Tuning the optoelectronic properties of PEDOT:PSS-PVP core–shell electrospun nanofibers by solvent-quantum dot doping and phase inversion Mendoza-Diaz, M. I.; Garcia-Gutierrez, D. F.; Sepulveda-Guzman, S. Nanotechnology, Vol. 30, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab2c0b	journal	July 2019
Manipulating nanoscale structure to control functionality in printed organic photovoltaic, transistor and bioelectronic devices Griffith, Matthew J.; Holmes, Natalie P.; Elkington, Daniel C. Nanotechnology, Vol. 31, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ab57d0	journal	December 2019
Ultra-sensitive protein detection with organic electrochemical transistors printed on plastic substrates Macchia, Eleonora; Romele, Paolo; Manoli, Kyriaki Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/aad0cb	journal	July 2018
Recent advances in modeling organic electrochemical transistors Colucci, Renan; Barbosa, Henrique Frulani de Paula; Günther, Florian Flexible and Printed Electronics, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-8585/ab601b	journal	January 2020
Microscale physiological events on the human cortical surface detected with PEDOT:PSS Electrodes Paulk, Angelique C.; Yang, Jimmy C.; Cleary, Daniel R. Cerebral Cortex https://doi.org/10.1101/770743	journal	September 2020
Chemical delivery array with millisecond neurotransmitter release Jonsson, Amanda; Sjöström, Theresia Arbring; Tybrandt, Klas Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601340	journal	November 2016
Internal ion-gated organic electrochemical transistor: A building block for integrated bioelectronics Spyropoulos, George D.; Gelinas, Jennifer N.; Khodagholy, Dion Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau7378	journal	February 2019
Conjugated polymers optically regulate the fate of endothelial colony-forming cells Lodola, F.; Rosti, V.; Tullii, G. Science Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav4620	journal	September 2019
Biomimetic and electroactive 3D scaffolds for human neural crest-derived stem cell expansion and osteogenic differentiation Iandolo, Donata; Sheard, Jonathan; Levy, Galit Karavitas MRS Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2020.10	journal	March 2020
Organic Electrochemical Transistors Malliaras, George; Rivnay, J.; Inal, S. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.21503	text	January 2018
Benchmarking organic mixed conductors for transistors. Inal, Sahika; Malliaras, George; Rivnay, Jonathan Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.21556	text	January 2017
A highly sensitive molecular structural probe applied to in situ biosensing of metabolites using PEDOT:PSS. Tan, Ellasia; Pappa, Anna-Maria; Pitsalidis, Charalampos Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.44887	text	January 2020
Biomimetic and electroactive 3D scaffolds for human neural crest-derived stem cell expansion and osteogenic differentiation Iandolo, Donata; Sheard, Jonathan; Levy, Galit Karavitas Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.57870	text	January 2020
Biomimetic and electroactive 3D scaffolds for human neural crest-derived stem cell expansion and osteogenic differentiation Iandolo, D.; Sheard, J.; Karavitas Levy, G. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.75719	text	January 2020
Monitoring of Cell Layer Integrity with a Current-Driven Organic Electrochemical Transistor Lingstedt, Leona V.; Ghittorelli, Matteo; Brückner, Maximilian FID GEO https://doi.org/10.23689/fidgeo-4648	text	January 2019
Organic Bioelectronics: Materials and Biocompatibility Feron, Krishna; Lim, Rebecca; Sherwood, Connor International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082382	journal	August 2018
Micro/Nano Technologies for High-Density Retinal Implant Zeng, Qi; Zhao, Saisai; Yang, Hangao Micromachines, Vol. 10, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi10060419	journal	June 2019
In-Vitro Hemocompatibility of Polyaniline Functionalized by Bioactive Molecules Skopalová, Katerina; Capáková, Zdenka; Bober, Patrycja Polymers, Vol. 11, Issue 11, p. 1861 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111861	journal	November 2019

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36 MATERIALS SCIENCE
materials science
nanotechnology
physical chemistry
physical sciences

Title: Structural control of mixed ionic and electronic transport in conducting polymers

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