The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058

Title: The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

Abstract

The Pierre Auger Observatory, located on a vast, high plain in western Argentina, is the world's largest cosmic ray observatory. The objectives of the Observatory are to probe the origin and characteristics of cosmic rays above 1017 eV and study the interactions of these, the most energetic particles observed in nature. The Auger design features an array of 1660 water Cherenkov particle detector stations spread over 3000 km² overlooked by 24 air fluorescence telescopes. Additionally, three high elevation fluorescence telescopes overlook a 23.5 km², 61-detector infilled array with 750 m spacing. The Observatory has been in successful operation since completion in 2008 and has recorded data from an exposure exceeding 40,000 km² sr yr. This paper describes the design and performance of the detectors, related subsystems and infrastructure that make up the Observatory.

Publication Date:: Thu Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (FNAL), Batavia, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Contributing Org.:: Pierre Auger Collaboration

OSTI Identifier:: 1249794

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1223209

Report Number(s):: FERMILAB-PUB-15-034-AD-AE-CD-TD
Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002; S0168900215008086; PII: S0168900215008086

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-07CH11359; FR02-04ER41300; FG02-99ER41107; SC0011689

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment Journal Volume: 798 Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: Netherlands

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; Pierre Auger Observatory; high energy cosmic rays; hybrid observatory; water Cherenkov detectors; air fluorescence detectors

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@article{osti_1249794,

  title        = {The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory},

  author       = {},

  abstractNote = {The Pierre Auger Observatory, located on a vast, high plain in western Argentina, is the world's largest cosmic ray observatory. The objectives of the Observatory are to probe the origin and characteristics of cosmic rays above 1017 eV and study the interactions of these, the most energetic particles observed in nature. The Auger design features an array of 1660 water Cherenkov particle detector stations spread over 3000 km2 overlooked by 24 air fluorescence telescopes. Additionally, three high elevation fluorescence telescopes overlook a 23.5 km2, 61-detector infilled array with 750 m spacing. The Observatory has been in successful operation since completion in 2008 and has recorded data from an exposure exceeding 40,000 km2 sr yr. This paper describes the design and performance of the detectors, related subsystems and infrastructure that make up the Observatory.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2015.06.058},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 798,

  place        = {Netherlands},

  year         = {Thu Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Thu Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 574, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2007.01.094

Air shower simulations in a hybrid approach using cascade equations
journal, June 2003

Drescher, Hans-Joachim; Farrar, Glennys R.
Physical Review D, Vol. 67, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.67.116001

Evidence for a Primary Cosmic-Ray Particle with Energy $10^{20}$ eV
journal, February 1963

Linsley, John
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 10, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.146

Detection of a cosmic ray with measured energy well beyond the expected spectral cutoff due to cosmic microwave radiation
journal, March 1995

Bird, D. J.; Corbato, S. C.; Dai, H. Y.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 441
DOI: 10.1086/175344

The fluorescence detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, August 2010

Abraham, J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 620, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.023

The cosmic ray energy spectrum above 4*10 ¹⁷ eV as measured by the Haverah Park array
journal, May 1991

Lawrence, M. A.; Reid, R. J. O.; Watson, A. A.
Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1088/0954-3899/17/5/019

Observation of ELVES at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, August 2012

Mussa, R.; Ciaccio, G.
The European Physical Journal Plus, Vol. 127, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1140/epjp/i2012-12094-x

Trigger and aperture of the surface detector array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, January 2010

Abraham, J.; Abreu, P.; Aglietta, M.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 613, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2009.11.018

Simulations of a giant hybrid air shower detector
journal, October 1996

Dawson, B. R.; Dai, H. Y.; Sommers, P.
Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 5, Issue 3-4
DOI: 10.1016/0927-6505(96)00024-2

Properties and performance of the prototype instrument for the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, May 2004

Abraham, J.; Aglietta, M.; Aguirre, I. C.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 523, Issue 1-2
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2003.12.012

A space-time detector for cosmic ray showers
journal, October 1970

Porter, L. G.; Earnshaw, J. C.; Tielsch-Cassel, E.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods, Vol. 87, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0029-554X(70)90886-4

Gekoppelte Höhenstrahlen
journal, September 1938

Kolhörster, W.; Matthes, I.; Weber, E.
Die Naturwissenschaften, Vol. 26, Issue 35
DOI: 10.1007/BF01773491

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Similar Records

Title: The Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory

Abstract

Citation Formats

The Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, November 2006

Impact of varying atmospheric profiles on extensive air shower observation: atmospheric density and primary mass reconstruction journal, November 2004

Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope journal, December 2013

One-dimensional hybrid approach to extensive air shower simulation journal, January 2007

The optimum distance at which to determine the size of a giant air shower journal, January 2007

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, March 2011

Precise measurement of the absolute fluorescence yield of the 337nm band in atmospheric gases journal, February 2013

On the absolute value of the air-fluorescence yield journal, March 2014

Techniques for measuring aerosol attenuation using the Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, April 2013

Detection of elusive radio and optical emission from cosmic-ray showers in the 1960s journal, January 2012

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory journal, September 2009

Search for Point-Like Sources of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Improved Limit on the Diffuse flux of tau Neutrinos journal, July 2012

Measurement of the aerosol phase function at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, November 2007

Antennas for the detection of radio emission pulses from cosmic-ray induced air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, October 2012

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, January 2011

Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects journal, November 2007

The JEM-EUSO mission journal, May 2014

Nitrogen fluorescence in air for observing extensive air showers journal, January 2013

The impact of the air-fluorescence yield on the reconstructed shower parameters of ultra-high energy cosmic rays journal, January 2011

Capabilities of a giant hybrid air shower detector journal, August 1995

The scaler mode in the Pierre Auger Observatory to study heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays journal, January 2012

Search for microwave emission from ultrahigh energy cosmic rays journal, September 2012

Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer journal, January 1992

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, April 2011

A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, March 2010

Publisher’s Note: Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events [Phys. Rev. D 91 , 032003 (2015)] journal, March 2015

A TARGETED SEARCH FOR POINT SOURCES OF EeV NEUTRONS journal, June 2014

The MIDAS telescope for microwave detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays journal, August 2013

Probing the radio emission from air showers with polarization measurements journal, March 2014

Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, March 2010

The angular resolution of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, May 2009

Free-running ground-based photometric array imaging of transient luminous events: PHOTOMETRIC ARRAY IMAGING OF TLES journal, July 2010

Heating and ionization of the lower ionosphere by lightning journal, April 1991

Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei journal, April 2008

Identifying clouds over the Pierre Auger Observatory using infrared satellite data journal, December 2013

Calibration of the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, December 2006

The role of atmospheric multiple scattering in the transmission of fluorescence light from extensive air showers journal, September 2005

Die harten Ultrastrahlschauer journal, January 1938

Legacy code: lessons from NA61/SHINE offline software upgrade adventure journal, December 2012

Elves: Lightning-induced transient luminous events in the lower ionosphere journal, August 1996

Manufacturing the Schmidt corrector lens for the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, April 2004

Atmospheric multiple scattering of fluorescence and Cherenkov light emitted by extensive air showers journal, July 2009

Polarized radio emission from extensive air showers measured with LOFAR journal, October 2014

An evaluation of the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) using the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) as ground truth journal, January 2010

Altitude dependence of fluorescence light emission by extensive air showers journal, November 2008

Observations of microwave continuum emission from air shower plasmas journal, August 2008

Digital electronics for the Pierre Auger Observatory AMIGA muon counters journal, April 2014

Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section in p+p Reactions: As Measured by the LHC Experiment TOTEM at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV journal, January 2012

Codalema: a Cosmic ray air Shower Radio Detection Experiment journal, July 2006

The offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, October 2007

Description of atmospheric conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) journal, April 2012

Energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays above 10 17.0 eV determined from extensive air shower experiments at Akeno journal, February 1992

Observation of the Suppression of the Flux of Cosmic Rays above 4 × 10 19 eV journal, August 2008

Reconstruction of longitudinal profiles of ultra-high energy cosmic ray showers from fluorescence and Cherenkov light measurements journal, April 2008

AMIGA at the Auger Observatory: the scintillator module testing system journal, June 2011

Extensive Cosmic-Ray Showers journal, July 1939

The AMIGA enhancement of the Pierre Auger Observatory conference, August 2014

Spectrally resolved pressure dependence measurements of air fluorescence emission with AIRFLY journal, November 2008

Air fluorescence relevant for cosmic-ray detection—Summary of the 5th fluorescence workshop, El Escorial 2007 journal, November 2008

Radioelectric field features of extensive air showers observed with CODALEMA journal, November 2006

New air fluorescence detectors employed in the Telescope Array experiment journal, June 2012

Energy determination in the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array experiment journal, July 2003

Energy spectra of electrons in the extensive air showers of ultra-high energy journal, January 2004

Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above 10 18 eV journal, March 2010

A model for the time uncertainty measurements in the Auger surface detector array journal, January 2008

The bright optical flash from GRB 060117 journal, July 2006

Universality of electron distributions in high-energy air showers—Description of Cherenkov light production journal, January 2006

Universal lateral distribution of energy deposit in air showers and its application to shower reconstruction journal, January 2006

Atmospheric monitoring with LIDARs at the Pierre Auger Observatory journal, August 2012

Elemental analysis of aerosols collected at the Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory with PIXE technique complemented with SEM/EDX journal, October 2012

Status of the program for microwave detection of cosmic rays at the Pierre Auger observatory journal, January 2013

An analytical approach to the multiply scattered light in the optical images of the extensive air showers of ultra-high energies journal, August 2012

Underground muon counters as a tool for composition analyses journal, July 2008

Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers journal, May 2005

The Lateral and the Angular Structure Functions of Electron Showers journal, January 1958

Absolute calibration of a large-diameter light source journal, May 2013

Description of atmospheric conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using meteorological measurements and models journal, August 2012

The Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, November 2006

Impact of varying atmospheric profiles on extensive air shower observation: atmospheric density and primary mass reconstruction
journal, November 2004

Detecting cosmic rays with the LOFAR radio telescope
journal, December 2013

One-dimensional hybrid approach to extensive air shower simulation
journal, January 2007

The optimum distance at which to determine the size of a giant air shower
journal, January 2007

Search for first harmonic modulation in the right ascension distribution of cosmic rays detected at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, March 2011

Precise measurement of the absolute fluorescence yield of the 337nm band in atmospheric gases
journal, February 2013

On the absolute value of the air-fluorescence yield
journal, March 2014

Techniques for measuring aerosol attenuation using the Central Laser Facility at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, April 2013

Detection of elusive radio and optical emission from cosmic-ray showers in the 1960s
journal, January 2012

Atmospheric effects on extensive air showers observed with the surface detector of the Pierre Auger observatory
journal, September 2009

Search for Point-Like Sources of Ultra-High Energy Neutrinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory and Improved Limit on the Diffuse flux of tau Neutrinos
journal, July 2012

Measurement of the aerosol phase function at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, November 2007

Antennas for the detection of radio emission pulses from cosmic-ray induced air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, October 2012

The exposure of the hybrid detector of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, January 2011

Correlation of the Highest-Energy Cosmic Rays with Nearby Extragalactic Objects
journal, November 2007

The JEM-EUSO mission
journal, May 2014

Nitrogen fluorescence in air for observing extensive air showers
journal, January 2013

The impact of the air-fluorescence yield on the reconstructed shower parameters of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
journal, January 2011

Capabilities of a giant hybrid air shower detector
journal, August 1995

The scaler mode in the Pierre Auger Observatory to study heliospheric modulation of cosmic rays
journal, January 2012

Search for microwave emission from ultrahigh energy cosmic rays
journal, September 2012

Lightning induced brightening in the airglow layer
journal, January 1992

Advanced functionality for radio analysis in the Offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, April 2011

A study of the effect of molecular and aerosol conditions in the atmosphere on air fluorescence measurements at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, March 2010

Publisher’s Note: Muons in air showers at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Mean number in highly inclined events [Phys. Rev. D 91 , 032003 (2015)]
journal, March 2015

A TARGETED SEARCH FOR POINT SOURCES OF EeV NEUTRONS
journal, June 2014

The MIDAS telescope for microwave detection of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
journal, August 2013

Probing the radio emission from air showers with polarization measurements
journal, March 2014

Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 1018 eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, March 2010

The angular resolution of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, May 2009

Free-running ground-based photometric array imaging of transient luminous events: PHOTOMETRIC ARRAY IMAGING OF TLES
journal, July 2010

Heating and ionization of the lower ionosphere by lightning
journal, April 1991

Correlation of the highest-energy cosmic rays with the positions of nearby active galactic nuclei
journal, April 2008

Identifying clouds over the Pierre Auger Observatory using infrared satellite data
journal, December 2013

Calibration of the surface array of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, December 2006

The role of atmospheric multiple scattering in the transmission of fluorescence light from extensive air showers
journal, September 2005

Die harten Ultrastrahlschauer
journal, January 1938

Legacy code: lessons from NA61/SHINE offline software upgrade adventure
journal, December 2012

Elves: Lightning-induced transient luminous events in the lower ionosphere
journal, August 1996

Manufacturing the Schmidt corrector lens for the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, April 2004

Atmospheric multiple scattering of fluorescence and Cherenkov light emitted by extensive air showers
journal, July 2009

Polarized radio emission from extensive air showers measured with LOFAR
journal, October 2014

An evaluation of the Worldwide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) using the National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) as ground truth
journal, January 2010

Altitude dependence of fluorescence light emission by extensive air showers
journal, November 2008

Observations of microwave continuum emission from air shower plasmas
journal, August 2008

Digital electronics for the Pierre Auger Observatory AMIGA muon counters
journal, April 2014

Elastic Scattering and Total Cross-Section in p+p Reactions: As Measured by the LHC Experiment TOTEM at $\sqrt{s} = 7$ TeV
journal, January 2012

Codalema: a Cosmic ray air Shower Radio Detection Experiment
journal, July 2006

The offline software framework of the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, October 2007

Description of atmospheric conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using the Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS)
journal, April 2012

Energy spectrum of primary cosmic rays above 10 ^17.0 eV determined from extensive air shower experiments at Akeno
journal, February 1992

Observation of the Suppression of the Flux of Cosmic Rays above $4 \times 10^{19} eV$
journal, August 2008

Reconstruction of longitudinal profiles of ultra-high energy cosmic ray showers from fluorescence and Cherenkov light measurements
journal, April 2008

AMIGA at the Auger Observatory: the scintillator module testing system
journal, June 2011

Extensive Cosmic-Ray Showers
journal, July 1939

The AMIGA enhancement of the Pierre Auger Observatory
conference, August 2014

Spectrally resolved pressure dependence measurements of air fluorescence emission with AIRFLY
journal, November 2008

Air fluorescence relevant for cosmic-ray detection—Summary of the 5th fluorescence workshop, El Escorial 2007
journal, November 2008

Radioelectric field features of extensive air showers observed with CODALEMA
journal, November 2006

New air fluorescence detectors employed in the Telescope Array experiment
journal, June 2012

Energy determination in the Akeno Giant Air Shower Array experiment
journal, July 2003

Energy spectra of electrons in the extensive air showers of ultra-high energy
journal, January 2004

Measurement of the Depth of Maximum of Extensive Air Showers above $10^{18} eV$
journal, March 2010

A model for the time uncertainty measurements in the Auger surface detector array
journal, January 2008

The bright optical flash from GRB 060117
journal, July 2006

Universality of electron distributions in high-energy air showers—Description of Cherenkov light production
journal, January 2006

Universal lateral distribution of energy deposit in air showers and its application to shower reconstruction
journal, January 2006

Atmospheric monitoring with LIDARs at the Pierre Auger Observatory
journal, August 2012

Elemental analysis of aerosols collected at the Pierre Auger Cosmic Ray Observatory with PIXE technique complemented with SEM/EDX
journal, October 2012

Status of the program for microwave detection of cosmic rays at the Pierre Auger observatory
journal, January 2013

An analytical approach to the multiply scattered light in the optical images of the extensive air showers of ultra-high energies
journal, August 2012

Underground muon counters as a tool for composition analyses
journal, July 2008

Detection and imaging of atmospheric radio flashes from cosmic ray air showers
journal, May 2005

The Lateral and the Angular Structure Functions of Electron Showers
journal, January 1958

Absolute calibration of a large-diameter light source
journal, May 2013

Description of atmospheric conditions at the Pierre Auger Observatory using meteorological measurements and models
journal, August 2012

The Offline Software Framework of the NA61/SHINE Experiment
journal, December 2012

Diffuse radiation in the Galaxy
journal, January 1941

A SEARCH FOR POINT SOURCES OF EeV PHOTONS
journal, June 2014