Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores

Uberuaga, Blas Pedro; Tang, Ming; Jiang, Chao; Valdez, James A.; Smith, Roger; Wang, Yongqiang; Sickafus, Kurt E.

doi:10.1038/ncomms9750

Title: Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores

Abstract

Understanding and predicting radiation damage evolution in complex materials is crucial for developing next-generation nuclear energy sources. Here, using a combination of ion beam irradiation, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, we show that, contrary to the behaviour observed in pyrochlores, the amorphization resistance of spinel compounds correlates directly with the energy to disorder the structure. Using a combination of atomistic simulation techniques, we ascribe this behaviour to structural defects on the cation sublattice that are present in spinel but not in pyrochlore. Specifically, because of these structural defects, there are kinetic pathways for the relaxation of disorder in spinel that are absent in pyrochlore. This leads to a direct correlation between amorphization resistance and disordering energetics in spinel, the opposite of that observed in pyrochlores. Furthermore, these results provide new insight into the origins of amorphization resistance in complex oxides beyond fluorite derivatives.

Authors:

Uberuaga, Blas Pedro ^[1]; Tang, Ming ^[1]; Jiang, Chao ^[2]; Valdez, James A. ^[1]; Smith, Roger ^[3]; Wang, Yongqiang ^[1]; Sickafus, Kurt E. ^[4]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Thermo-Calc Software Inc., Pittsburgh, PA (United States)
Loughborough Univ., Loughborough (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Oct 29 00:00:00 EDT 2015

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1239355

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-15-22255
Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723; ncomms9750

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 2041-1723

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; physical sciences; condensed matter; materials science

Citation Formats


                    Uberuaga, Blas Pedro, Tang, Ming, Jiang, Chao, Valdez, James A., Smith, Roger, Wang, Yongqiang, and Sickafus, Kurt E. Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/ncomms9750.

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                    Uberuaga, Blas Pedro, Tang, Ming, Jiang, Chao, Valdez, James A., Smith, Roger, Wang, Yongqiang, & Sickafus, Kurt E. Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9750

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                    Uberuaga, Blas Pedro, Tang, Ming, Jiang, Chao, Valdez, James A., Smith, Roger, Wang, Yongqiang, and Sickafus, Kurt E. Thu .  
"Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms9750.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1239355.

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@article{osti_1239355,

  title        = {Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores},

  author       = {Uberuaga, Blas Pedro and Tang, Ming and Jiang, Chao and Valdez, James A. and Smith, Roger and Wang, Yongqiang and Sickafus, Kurt E.},

  abstractNote = {Understanding and predicting radiation damage evolution in complex materials is crucial for developing next-generation nuclear energy sources. Here, using a combination of ion beam irradiation, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, we show that, contrary to the behaviour observed in pyrochlores, the amorphization resistance of spinel compounds correlates directly with the energy to disorder the structure. Using a combination of atomistic simulation techniques, we ascribe this behaviour to structural defects on the cation sublattice that are present in spinel but not in pyrochlore. Specifically, because of these structural defects, there are kinetic pathways for the relaxation of disorder in spinel that are absent in pyrochlore. This leads to a direct correlation between amorphization resistance and disordering energetics in spinel, the opposite of that observed in pyrochlores. Furthermore, these results provide new insight into the origins of amorphization resistance in complex oxides beyond fluorite derivatives.},

  doi          = {10.1038/ncomms9750},

  journal      = {Nature Communications},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 6,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Oct 29 00:00:00 EDT 2015},

  month        = {Thu Oct 29 00:00:00 EDT 2015}

}

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Probing disorder in isometric pyrochlore and related complex oxides

Journal Article Shamblin, Jacob ; Feygenson, Mikhail ; Neuefeind, Joerg C ; ... - Nature Materials

There has been an increased focus on understanding the energetics of structures that can accommodate unconventional ordering (e.g., disordered periodic arrays that appear at different length-scales). For example, the isometric pyrochlore structure, A₂B₂O₇, forms a disordered, defect fluorite-structure, (A,B)₄O₇, or an aperiodic array, when exposed to extreme conditions]. The ability to accommodate disorder in its structure accounts for the tendency of some compositions to resist becoming aperiodic in high radiation fields or at high temperatures. Thus, these materials find application as host materials for immobilizing actinides, such as plutonium, fast ion conductors in solid oxide fuel cells, and thermal barriermore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4581
Mapping Cation Disorder in Irradiated Gd₂Ti₂O₇ Pyrochlore by 4D-STEM

Journal Article Janish, Matthew T. ; Schneider, Matthew M. ; Ophus, Colin ; ... - Microscopy and Microanalysis

Pyrochlores have the general formula A₂B₂O₇, where A is trivalent and usually a rare earth, and B is a tetravalent transition metal. The pyrochlore structure is closely related to that of fluorite; the difference stems from a systematic oxygen vacancy that compensates the lesser charge of the A cation. Arranging the charges appropriately requires a unit cell that is twice as large on a side compared to what is necessary to describe the fluorite structure, and so pyrochlores have lattice constants over 1 nm with eight formula units per cell. The structure of Gd₂Ti₂O₇ (GTO) is shown in Figure 1, with a = 1.018 nm, Gd occupying the 16c sites, Ti on 16d, and O on 8a and 48f (space groupmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1017/s1431927619008535

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Local ordering in disordered Nd_xZr_1-xO_2-0.5x pyrochlore as observed using neutron total scattering

Journal Article Drey, Devon ; O'Quinn, Eric ; Finkeldei, Sarah ; ... - Acta Materialia

Pyrochlore complex oxides (A₂B₂O₇) are an important class of fluorite-derivative ceramics with exceptional chemical and structural versatility which make them ideal model systems for studying disordering mechanisms over a range of spatial scales. Here, neutron total scattering methods were used to analyze the structural behavior in the non-stoichiometric series Nd_xZr_1-xO_2-0.5x (0.5 ≤ x ≤ 0.23) as a function of Nd content, x. Characterization of the structure functions using Rietveld refinement and the pair distribution functions with small-box refinement reveal complex disordering pathways; the average, long-range phase changes over a very narrow compositional range from pyrochlore (more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117590

Full Text Available
Complex oxides: Intricate disorder

Journal Article Uberuaga, Blas Pedro - Nature Materials

In this study, complex oxides such as pyrochlores have a myriad of potential technological applications, including as fast ion conductors and radiation-tolerant nuclear waste forms. They are also of interest for their catalytic and spin ice properties. Many of these functional properties are enabled by the atomic structure of the cation sublattices. Pyrochlores (A2B2O7) contain two different cations (A and B), typically a 3+ rare earth and a 4+ transition metal such as Hf, Zr, or Ti. The large variety of chemistries that can form pyrochlores leads to a rich space in which to search for exotic new materials. Furthermore,more »« less
Cited by 10
https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4582

Full Text Available
Probing disorder in pyrochlore oxides using in situ synchrotron diffraction from levitated solids–A thermodynamic perspective

Journal Article Maram, Pardha S. ; Ushakov, Sergey V. ; Weber, Richard J. K. ; ... - Scientific Reports

Abstract Pyrochlore, an ordered derivative of the defect fluorite structure, shows complex disordering behavior as a function of composition, temperature, pressure, and radiation damage. We propose a thermodynamic model to calculate the disordering enthalpies for several RE ₂ Zr ₂ O ₇ (RE = Sm, Eu, Gd) pyrochlores from experimental site distribution data obtained by in situ high temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Site occupancies show a gradual increase in disorder on both cation and anion sublattices with increasing temperature and even greater disorder is achieved close to the phase transition to defect fluorite. The enthalpy associated with cation disorder depends on themore »« less
Cited by 22
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28877-x

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Title: Opposite correlations between cation disordering and amorphization resistance in spinels versus pyrochlores

Abstract

Citation Formats

Nuclear energy: Status and future limitations journal, January 2012

Understanding resistance to amorphization by radiation damage journal, November 2004

Materials challenges in nuclear energy journal, February 2013

Recent Developments in Irradiation-Resistant Steels journal, August 2008

Microstructure of Swift Heavyion Irradiated MgAl 2 0 4 Spinel journal, January 1998

Ion-beam-induced spinel-to-rocksalt structural phase transformation in MgAl2O4 journal, May 2000

Röntgenographische Untersuchung der Kationenverteilung in Spinellphasen journal, May 1961

Opportunities and Challenges for Materials Innovation in Nuclear Energy journal, January 2013

Cation ordering and structural variations with temperature in MgAl 2 O 4 spinel: An X-ray single-crystal study journal, September 2000

Cation disorder in Mg X 2 O 4 ( X = Al, Ga, In) spinels from first principles journal, July 2012

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method journal, January 1999

Effects of Xe ion irradiation and subsequent annealing on the structural properties of magnesium-aluminate spinel journal, February 2001

Criteria for bombardment-induced structural changes in non-metallic solids journal, January 1975

Chemical disordering in amorphization journal, June 1988

Structural stability of Nd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore ion-irradiated in a broad energy range journal, October 2013

Retention of Actinides in Natural Pyrochlores and Zirconolites journal, January 1994

Prediction of Irradiation Spectrum Effects in Pyrochlores journal, September 2014

Defect kinetics in spinels: Long-time simulations of Mg Al 2 O 4 , Mg Ga 2 O 4 , and Mg In 2 O 4 journal, March 2007

Role of Antisite Disorder on Preamorphization Swelling in Titanate Pyrochlores journal, May 2012

Atomistic simulations of radiation-induced defect formation in spinels: Mg Al 2 O 4 , Mg Ga 2 O 4 , and Mg In 2 O 4 journal, December 2006

Grain boundary stoichiometry and interactions with defects in SrTiO3 journal, January 2012

Radiation-induced amorphization of rare-earth titanate pyrochlores journal, October 2003

Radiation Tolerance of Complex Oxides journal, August 2000

Cation disorder in high-dose, neutron-irradiated spinel report, April 1995

The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter book, January 1985

Ion-beam-induced spinel-to-rocksalt structural phase transformation in MgAl2O4 journal, May 2000

Order–disorder phase transition induced by swift ions in MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 spinels journal, February 2002

First-principles prediction of disordering tendencies in pyrochlore oxides journal, March 2009

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl 2 O 4 spinel up to 1600 degrees C from in situ neutron diffraction journal, March 1999

Order–Disorder Transformations in Ln 2 Ti 2 O 7 (Ln = Lu, Yb, Tm, Gd) journal, January 2004

Neutron irradiation damage in MgO, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 ceramics journal, July 1982

Anisotropic dislocation loop nucleation in ion-irradiated MgAl2O4 journal, September 1992

Cation distribution and oxygen parameter in magnesium gallate, MgGa 2 O 4 journal, November 1966

Irradiation-Induced Amorphization and Order-Disorder Transformation in the Tungsten δ-phase Oxides Yb[sub 6]W[sub 1]O[sub 12] and Y[sub 6]W[sub 1]O[sub 12] conference, January 2009

Atomistic structures of metastable and amorphous phases in ion-irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel journal, January 2002

Temperature-accelerated dynamics for simulation of infrequent events journal, June 2000

Atomistic structures of metastable and amorphous phases in ion-irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel journal, January 2002

Radiation resistance of the oxide spinel: the role of stoichiometry on damage response journal, August 1996

Energetics and concentration of defects in Gd2Ti2O7 and Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore at high pressure journal, February 2011

The order–disorder transition in ion-irradiated pyrochlore journal, March 2003

Structure and Mobility of Defects Formed from Collision Cascades in MgO journal, March 2004

Disorder in Pyrochlore Oxides journal, August 2000

Enhanced radiation tolerance in nanocrystalline MgGa2O4 journal, June 2007

Why ion irradiation does not lead to the same structural changes in normal spinels ZnAl2O4, MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4? journal, June 2008

Effect of Structure and Thermodynamic Stability on the Response of Lanthanide Stannate Pyrochlores to Ion Beam Irradiation journal, February 2006

Disorder-induced amorphization journal, November 1997

Nature of the chemical bond and prediction of radiation tolerance in pyrochlore and defect fluorite compounds journal, April 2007

Role of the interface on radiation damage in the SrTiO 3 /LaAlO 3 heterostructure under Ne 2+ ion irradiation journal, March 2014

Effect of Structure and Thermodynamic Stability on the Response of Lanthanide Stannate Pyrochlores to Ion Beam Irradiation journal, February 2006

Epitaxial cobalt oxide films on Ir(100)—the importance of crystallographic analyses journal, March 2013

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal, October 1996

Der Magnesium-Gallium-Spinell journal, November 1932

Comparison of Ion-Beam Irradiation Effects in X2YO4 Compounds journal, December 1999

Systematics of the spinel structure type journal, January 1979

In situ studies of ion irradiated inverse spinel compound magnesium stannate (Mg2SnO4) journal, June 2009

Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations induced by ion irradiation journal, February 1991

First observation of' amorphization in single-crystal MgA1 2 O 4 spinel journal, October 1994

Derivative Crystal Structures journal, January 1947

Radiation-induced amorphization resistance and radiation tolerance in structurally related oxides journal, February 2007

Radiation-induced amorphization resistance and radiation tolerance in structurally related oxides journal, February 2007

Radiation Tolerance of Complex Oxides journal, August 2000

Formation enthalpies of rare earth titanate pyrochlores journal, June 2004

Why is magnesia spinel a radiation-resistant material? journal, March 1995

Special quasirandom structures journal, July 1990

Non-stoichiometry in MgAl 2 O 4 spinel journal, March 2010

Order-to-disorder phase transformation in ion irradiated uranium-bearing delta-phase oxides RE6U1O12 (RE=Y, Gd, Ho, Yb, and Lu) journal, April 2010

Atomic structure and disordering induced by 350MeV Au ions in MgAl2O4 journal, September 2006

Cation disorder in high dose, neutron-irradiated spinel journal, March 1995

Amorphization of intermetallic compounds under irradiation — A review journal, April 1997

Heavy-ion irradiation effects in Gd2(Ti2−xZrx)O7 pyrochlores journal, February 2001

Cation ordering and structural variations with temperature in MgAl 2 O 4 spinel: An X-ray single-crystal study journal, September 2000

Cation disordering in magnesium aluminate spinel crystals induced by electron or ion irradiation journal, December 2000

Why ion irradiation does not lead to the same structural changes in normal spinels ZnAl2O4, MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4? journal, June 2008

Retention of Actinides in Natural Pyrochlores and Zirconolites journal, January 1994

Microstructure of Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 irradiated at low temperatures journal, March 1998

Nanoscale Manipulation of Pyrochlore: New Nanocomposite Ionic Conductors journal, September 2001

Der Magnesium-Gallium-Spinell journal, November 1932

Nuclear energy: Status and future limitations
journal, January 2012

Understanding resistance to amorphization by radiation damage
journal, November 2004

Materials challenges in nuclear energy
journal, February 2013

Recent Developments in Irradiation-Resistant Steels
journal, August 2008

Microstructure of Swift Heavyion Irradiated MgAl ₂ 0 ₄ Spinel
journal, January 1998

Ion-beam-induced spinel-to-rocksalt structural phase transformation in MgAl2O4
journal, May 2000

Röntgenographische Untersuchung der Kationenverteilung in Spinellphasen
journal, May 1961

Opportunities and Challenges for Materials Innovation in Nuclear Energy
journal, January 2013

Cation ordering and structural variations with temperature in MgAl ₂ O ₄ spinel: An X-ray single-crystal study
journal, September 2000

Cation disorder in Mg $X_{2}$ O $_{4}$ ( $X$ = Al, Ga, In) spinels from first principles
journal, July 2012

From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method
journal, January 1999

Effects of Xe ion irradiation and subsequent annealing on the structural properties of magnesium-aluminate spinel
journal, February 2001

Criteria for bombardment-induced structural changes in non-metallic solids
journal, January 1975

Chemical disordering in amorphization
journal, June 1988

Structural stability of Nd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore ion-irradiated in a broad energy range
journal, October 2013

Retention of Actinides in Natural Pyrochlores and Zirconolites
journal, January 1994

Prediction of Irradiation Spectrum Effects in Pyrochlores
journal, September 2014

Defect kinetics in spinels: Long-time simulations of $Mg {Al}_{2} O_{4}$ , $Mg {Ga}_{2} O_{4}$ , and $Mg {In}_{2} O_{4}$
journal, March 2007

Role of Antisite Disorder on Preamorphization Swelling in Titanate Pyrochlores
journal, May 2012

Atomistic simulations of radiation-induced defect formation in spinels: $Mg {Al}_{2} O_{4}$ , $Mg {Ga}_{2} O_{4}$ , and $Mg {In}_{2} O_{4}$
journal, December 2006

Grain boundary stoichiometry and interactions with defects in SrTiO3
journal, January 2012

Radiation-induced amorphization of rare-earth titanate pyrochlores
journal, October 2003

Radiation Tolerance of Complex Oxides
journal, August 2000

Cation disorder in high-dose, neutron-irradiated spinel
report, April 1995

The Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter
book, January 1985

Ion-beam-induced spinel-to-rocksalt structural phase transformation in MgAl2O4
journal, May 2000

Order–disorder phase transition induced by swift ions in MgAl2O4 and ZnAl2O4 spinels
journal, February 2002

First-principles prediction of disordering tendencies in pyrochlore oxides
journal, March 2009

Thermodynamics and kinetics of cation ordering in MgAl ₂ O ₄ spinel up to 1600 degrees C from in situ neutron diffraction
journal, March 1999

Order–Disorder Transformations in Ln ₂ Ti ₂ O ₇ (Ln = Lu, Yb, Tm, Gd)
journal, January 2004

Neutron irradiation damage in MgO, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 ceramics
journal, July 1982

Anisotropic dislocation loop nucleation in ion-irradiated MgAl2O4
journal, September 1992

Cation distribution and oxygen parameter in magnesium gallate, MgGa ₂ O ₄
journal, November 1966

Irradiation-Induced Amorphization and Order-Disorder Transformation in the Tungsten δ-phase Oxides Yb[sub 6]W[sub 1]O[sub 12] and Y[sub 6]W[sub 1]O[sub 12]
conference, January 2009

Atomistic structures of metastable and amorphous phases in ion-irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel
journal, January 2002

Temperature-accelerated dynamics for simulation of infrequent events
journal, June 2000

Atomistic structures of metastable and amorphous phases in ion-irradiated magnesium aluminate spinel
journal, January 2002

Radiation resistance of the oxide spinel: the role of stoichiometry on damage response
journal, August 1996

Energetics and concentration of defects in Gd2Ti2O7 and Gd2Zr2O7 pyrochlore at high pressure
journal, February 2011

The order–disorder transition in ion-irradiated pyrochlore
journal, March 2003

Structure and Mobility of Defects Formed from Collision Cascades in MgO
journal, March 2004

Disorder in Pyrochlore Oxides
journal, August 2000

Enhanced radiation tolerance in nanocrystalline MgGa2O4
journal, June 2007

Why ion irradiation does not lead to the same structural changes in normal spinels ZnAl2O4, MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4?
journal, June 2008

Effect of Structure and Thermodynamic Stability on the Response of Lanthanide Stannate Pyrochlores to Ion Beam Irradiation
journal, February 2006

Disorder-induced amorphization
journal, November 1997

Nature of the chemical bond and prediction of radiation tolerance in pyrochlore and defect fluorite compounds
journal, April 2007

Role of the interface on radiation damage in the SrTiO ₃ /LaAlO ₃ heterostructure under Ne ²⁺ ion irradiation
journal, March 2014

Effect of Structure and Thermodynamic Stability on the Response of Lanthanide Stannate Pyrochlores to Ion Beam Irradiation
journal, February 2006

Epitaxial cobalt oxide films on Ir(100)—the importance of crystallographic analyses
journal, March 2013

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Der Magnesium-Gallium-Spinell
journal, November 1932

Comparison of Ion-Beam Irradiation Effects in X2YO4 Compounds
journal, December 1999

Systematics of the spinel structure type
journal, January 1979

In situ studies of ion irradiated inverse spinel compound magnesium stannate (Mg2SnO4)
journal, June 2009

Thermodynamics and kinetics of phase transformations induced by ion irradiation
journal, February 1991

First observation of' amorphization in single-crystal MgA1 ₂ O ₄ spinel
journal, October 1994

Derivative Crystal Structures
journal, January 1947

Radiation-induced amorphization resistance and radiation tolerance in structurally related oxides
journal, February 2007

Radiation-induced amorphization resistance and radiation tolerance in structurally related oxides
journal, February 2007

Radiation Tolerance of Complex Oxides
journal, August 2000

Formation enthalpies of rare earth titanate pyrochlores
journal, June 2004

Why is magnesia spinel a radiation-resistant material?
journal, March 1995

Special quasirandom structures
journal, July 1990

Non-stoichiometry in MgAl ₂ O ₄ spinel
journal, March 2010

Order-to-disorder phase transformation in ion irradiated uranium-bearing delta-phase oxides RE6U1O12 (RE=Y, Gd, Ho, Yb, and Lu)
journal, April 2010

Atomic structure and disordering induced by 350MeV Au ions in MgAl2O4
journal, September 2006

Cation disorder in high dose, neutron-irradiated spinel
journal, March 1995

Amorphization of intermetallic compounds under irradiation — A review
journal, April 1997

Heavy-ion irradiation effects in Gd2(Ti2−xZrx)O7 pyrochlores
journal, February 2001

Cation ordering and structural variations with temperature in MgAl ₂ O ₄ spinel: An X-ray single-crystal study
journal, September 2000

Cation disordering in magnesium aluminate spinel crystals induced by electron or ion irradiation
journal, December 2000

Why ion irradiation does not lead to the same structural changes in normal spinels ZnAl2O4, MgAl2O4 and MgCr2O4?
journal, June 2008

Retention of Actinides in Natural Pyrochlores and Zirconolites
journal, January 1994

Microstructure of Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 irradiated at low temperatures
journal, March 1998

Nanoscale Manipulation of Pyrochlore: New Nanocomposite Ionic Conductors
journal, September 2001

Der Magnesium-Gallium-Spinell
journal, November 1932

Novel defect-fluorite pyrochlore sodium niobate nanoparticles: solution-phase synthesis and radiation tolerance analysis
journal, January 2019

Evidence for percolation diffusion of cations and reordering in disordered pyrochlore from accelerated molecular dynamics
journal, September 2017

Effect of Chemical Bonding Characteristics on Ordering Structure in Li Spinel Oxides
journal, November 2018