Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals

Skirlo, Scott A.; Lu, Ling; Igarashi, Yuichi; Yan, Qinghui; Joannopoulos, John; Soljačić, Marin

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.253901

Title: Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals

Abstract

Despite great interest in the quantum anomalous Hall phase and its analogs, all experimental studies in electronic and bosonic systems have been limited to a Chern number of one. In this work, we perform microwave transmission measurements in the bulk and at the edge of ferrimagnetic photonic crystals. Band gaps with large Chern numbers of 2, 3, and 4 are present in the experimental results, which show excellent agreement with theory. We calculate the mode profiles and Fourier transform them to produce dispersion relations of the edge modes, whose number and direction match our Chern number calculations.

Authors:

Skirlo, Scott A. ^[1]; Lu, Ling ^[1]; Igarashi, Yuichi ^[2]; Yan, Qinghui ^[3]; Joannopoulos, John ^[1]; Soljačić, Marin ^[1]

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); NEC Corp., Tsukuba (Japan)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Zhejiang Univ., Hangzhou (China).

Publication Date:: Mon Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2015

Research Org.:: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Solid-State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1371456

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1229592

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0001299; FG02-09ER46577

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 115; Journal Issue: 25; Related Information: S3TEC partners with Massachusetts Institute of Technology (lead); Boston College; Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS; solar (photovoltaic); solar (thermal); solid state lighting; phonons; thermal conductivity; thermoelectric; defects; mechanical behavior; charge transport; spin dynamics; materials and chemistry by design; optics; synthesis (novel materials); synthesis (self-assembly); synthesis (scalable processing)

Citation Formats


                    Skirlo, Scott A., Lu, Ling, Igarashi, Yuichi, Yan, Qinghui, Joannopoulos, John, and Soljačić, Marin. Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals.  United States: N. p., 2015. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.253901.

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                    Skirlo, Scott A., Lu, Ling, Igarashi, Yuichi, Yan, Qinghui, Joannopoulos, John, & Soljačić, Marin. Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.253901

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                    Skirlo, Scott A., Lu, Ling, Igarashi, Yuichi, Yan, Qinghui, Joannopoulos, John, and Soljačić, Marin. Mon .  
"Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.253901.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1371456.

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@article{osti_1371456,

  title        = {Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals},

  author       = {Skirlo, Scott A. and Lu, Ling and Igarashi, Yuichi and Yan, Qinghui and Joannopoulos, John and Soljačić, Marin},

  abstractNote = {Despite great interest in the quantum anomalous Hall phase and its analogs, all experimental studies in electronic and bosonic systems have been limited to a Chern number of one. In this work, we perform microwave transmission measurements in the bulk and at the edge of ferrimagnetic photonic crystals. Band gaps with large Chern numbers of 2, 3, and 4 are present in the experimental results, which show excellent agreement with theory. We calculate the mode profiles and Fourier transform them to produce dispersion relations of the edge modes, whose number and direction match our Chern number calculations.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.253901},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 25,

  volume       = 115,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2015},

  month        = {Mon Dec 14 00:00:00 EST 2015}

}

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FIG. 1: Comparison of theoretical gap map and bulk transmission to experimental transmission measurement in a 2D ferrimagnetic photonic crystal. (a) Theoretical topological gap map as a function of the magnetic field and the frequency, with each band gap labeled by its gap Chern number. The diagonal black line indicatesmore »

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DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1804.06407

Nodal-line semimetal superlattices
text, January 2018

Yokomizo, Kazuki; Yamada, Hiroaki; Murakami, Shuichi
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1807.11131

Strong magneto-optical response enabled by quantum two level systems
text, January 2018

Ying, Lei; Zhou, Ming; Luo, Xiaoguang
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1808.09850

Floquet engineering to exotic topological phases in systems of cold atoms
text, January 2019

Liu, Hui; Xiong, Tian-Shi; Zhang, Wei
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1904.01950

Space-Time Phononic Crystals with Anomalous Topological Edge States
text, January 2019

Oudich, Mourad; Deng, Yuanchen; Tao, Molei
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1904.02711

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Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Multimode One-Way Waveguides of Large Chern Numbers

Journal Article Skirlo, Scott A. ; Lu, Ling ; Soljačić, Marin - Physical Review Letters

Current experimental realizations of the quantum anomalous Hall phase in both electronic and photonic systems have been limited to a Chern number of one. In photonics, this corresponds to a single-mode one-way edge waveguide. We predict quantum anomalous Hall phases in photonic crystals with large Chern numbers of 2, 3, and 4. These new topological phases were found by simultaneously gapping multiple Dirac and quadratic points. We demonstrate a continuously tunable power splitter as a possible application of multimode one-way waveguides. All our findings are readily realizable at microwave frequencies.
Cited by 175
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.113904

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Microwave impedance microscopy (MIM) has been utilized to directly visualize topological edge states in many quantum materials. While the microwave response for conventional metals and insulators can be accurately quantified using simple lumped-element circuits, whose applicability to more exotic quantum systems remain limited. In this work, we present a general theoretical framework of the MIM response of arbitrary quantum materials. Applying it to topological edge states in a Chern insulator predicts an enhanced MIM response at the crystal boundaries due to collective edge magnetoplasmon (EMP) excitations. The unique resonance frequency of these plasmonic modes allows one to disentangle the signaturesmore »« less
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A quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) state is a two-dimensional topological insulating state that has a quantized Hall resistance of h/(Ce²) and vanishing longitudinal resistance under zero magnetic field (where h is the Planck constant, e is the elementary charge, and the Chern number C is an integer). The QAH effect has been realized in magnetic topological insulators and magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. However, the QAH effect at zero magnetic field has so far been realized only for C = 1. Here we realize a well quantized QAH effect with tunable Chern number (up to C = 5) in multilayer structuresmore »« less
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Similar Records

Title: Experimental Observation of Large Chern Numbers in Photonic Crystals

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Experimental Realization of Self-Guiding Unidirectional Electromagnetic Edge States journal, March 2011

Unidirectional channel-drop filter by one-way gyromagnetic photonic crystal waveguides journal, May 2011

New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance journal, August 1980

Quantum anomalous Hall effect with tunable Chern number in magnetic topological insulator film journal, January 2012

Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential journal, August 1982

Tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter based on gyromagnetic photonic crystal journal, March 2010

Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator journal, March 2013

Topological States and Adiabatic Pumping in Quasicrystals journal, September 2012

Photonic Floquet topological insulators journal, April 2013

Multimode One-Way Waveguides of Large Chern Numbers journal, September 2014

Topological Phononic Crystals with One-Way Elastic Edge Waves journal, September 2015

Microwave Characterization of Partially Magnetized Ferrites journal, June 1974

Experimental realization of photonic topological insulator in a uniaxial metacrystal waveguide journal, December 2014

Topologically protected excitons in porphyrin thin films journal, September 2014

Robust optical delay lines with topological protection journal, August 2011

Large-Chern-Number Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Thin-Film Topological Crystalline Insulators journal, January 2014

Edge states in topological magnon insulators journal, July 2014

Realizing effective magnetic field for photons by controlling the phase of dynamic modulation journal, October 2012

Experimental realization of the topological Haldane model with ultracold fermions journal, November 2014

Photonic topological insulators journal, December 2012

Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without Landau Levels: Condensed-Matter Realization of the "Parity Anomaly" journal, October 1988

Chern Numbers in Discretized Brillouin Zone: Efficient Method of Computing (Spin) Hall Conductances journal, June 2005

Topological photonics journal, October 2014

Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect with Higher Plateaus journal, September 2013

Topological Acoustics journal, March 2015

Experimental demonstration of one-way slow wave in waveguide involving gyromagnetic photonic crystals journal, June 2013

Chern number and edge states in the integer quantum Hall effect journal, November 1993

Analogs of quantum-Hall-effect edge states in photonic crystals journal, September 2008

Probing Electric Field in an Enclosed Field Mapper for Characterizing Metamaterials journal, January 2014

Hierarchy of Floquet gaps and edge states for driven honeycomb lattices journal, April 2015

Observation of unidirectional backscattering-immune topological electromagnetic states journal, October 2009

Possible Realization of Directional Optical Waveguides in Photonic Crystals with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry journal, January 2008

Reflection-Free One-Way Edge Modes in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal journal, January 2008

Photonic Floquet topological insulators conference, September 2013

Photonic Topological Insulators journal, January 2013

Reflection-Free One-Way Edge Modes in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal text, January 2007

Robust optical delay lines via topological protection text, January 2011

Quantum anomalous Hall effect with tunable Chern number in magnetic topological insulator film text, January 2011

Photonic Floquet Topological Insulators text, January 2012

Experimental realization of photonic topological insulator in a uniaxial metacrystal waveguide text, January 2014

Topologically protected excitons in porphyrin thin films text, January 2014

Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator text, January 2016

Chern Numbers in Discretized Brillouin Zone: Efficient Method of Computing (Spin) Hall Conductances text, January 2005

Possible Realization of Directional Optical Waveguides in Photonic Crystals with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry text, January 2005

Applications of Topological Photonics in Integrated Photonic Devices journal, August 2017

Thermo-optical Tunable Ultracompact Chip-Integrated 1D Photonic Topological Insulator journal, December 2017

Topological phase transitions and Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays: Topological phase transitions and Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays journal, October 2016

Experimental Realization of Multiple Topological Edge States in a 1D Photonic Lattice journal, January 2019

Tutorial: Computing Topological Invariants in 2D Photonic Crystals journal, October 2019

Topological photonic crystals: a review journal, January 2020

Ultra-narrow unidirectional transmission filter assisted by topological interface state in one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure journal, June 2019

Topological magnetoplasmon journal, November 2016

Experimental observation of anomalous topological edge modes in a slowly driven photonic lattice journal, January 2017

Crystalline metamaterials for topological properties at subwavelength scales journal, July 2017

Symmetry-protected topological photonic crystal in three dimensions journal, January 2016

Topological states in photonic systems journal, June 2016

Experimental measurement of the Berry curvature from anomalous transport journal, February 2017

Direct observation of valley-polarized topological edge states in designer surface plasmon crystals journal, November 2017

Topological one-way fiber of second Chern number journal, December 2018

Robust temporal pumping in a magneto-mechanical topological insulator journal, February 2020

Two-dimensional topological photonics journal, November 2017

Near-field imaging of spin-locked edge states in all-dielectric topological metasurfaces journal, January 2019

Topologically-protected one-way leaky waves in nonreciprocal plasmonic structures journal, February 2018

Nodal-line semimetal superlattices journal, November 2018

Topological acoustic polaritons: robust sound manipulation at the subwavelength scale journal, July 2017

One-way propagation of bulk states and robust edge states in photonic crystals with broken inversion and time-reversal symmetries journal, June 2018

Interfacial waveforms in chiral lattices with gyroscopic spinners journal, July 2018

Floquet engineering of exotic topological phases in systems of cold atoms journal, August 2019

Higher winding number in a nonunitary photonic quantum walk journal, December 2018

Topological Edge State in the Two-Dimensional Stampfli-Triangle Photonic Crystals journal, October 2019

Towards large-Chern-number topological phases by periodic quenching journal, May 2016

Topological phases in a Weyl semimetal multilayer journal, April 2017

Recipe for creating an arbitrary number of Floquet chiral edge states journal, June 2018

Symmetry protected topological phases characterized by isolated exceptional points journal, April 2019

Revealing the Topology of Quasicrystals with a Diffraction Experiment journal, November 2017

Space-time phononic crystals with anomalous topological edge states journal, November 2019

Experimental Realization of Self-Guiding Unidirectional Electromagnetic Edge States
journal, March 2011

Unidirectional channel-drop filter by one-way gyromagnetic photonic crystal waveguides
journal, May 2011

New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of the Fine-Structure Constant Based on Quantized Hall Resistance
journal, August 1980

Quantum anomalous Hall effect with tunable Chern number in magnetic topological insulator film
journal, January 2012

Quantized Hall Conductance in a Two-Dimensional Periodic Potential
journal, August 1982

Tunable one-way cross-waveguide splitter based on gyromagnetic photonic crystal
journal, March 2010

Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator
journal, March 2013

Topological States and Adiabatic Pumping in Quasicrystals
journal, September 2012

Photonic Floquet topological insulators
journal, April 2013

Multimode One-Way Waveguides of Large Chern Numbers
journal, September 2014

Topological Phononic Crystals with One-Way Elastic Edge Waves
journal, September 2015

Microwave Characterization of Partially Magnetized Ferrites
journal, June 1974

Experimental realization of photonic topological insulator in a uniaxial metacrystal waveguide
journal, December 2014

Topologically protected excitons in porphyrin thin films
journal, September 2014

Robust optical delay lines with topological protection
journal, August 2011

Large-Chern-Number Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in Thin-Film Topological Crystalline Insulators
journal, January 2014

Edge states in topological magnon insulators
journal, July 2014

Realizing effective magnetic field for photons by controlling the phase of dynamic modulation
journal, October 2012

Experimental realization of the topological Haldane model with ultracold fermions
journal, November 2014

Photonic topological insulators
journal, December 2012

Model for a Quantum Hall Effect without Landau Levels: Condensed-Matter Realization of the "Parity Anomaly"
journal, October 1988

Chern Numbers in Discretized Brillouin Zone: Efficient Method of Computing (Spin) Hall Conductances
journal, June 2005

Topological photonics
journal, October 2014

Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect with Higher Plateaus
journal, September 2013

Topological Acoustics
journal, March 2015

Experimental demonstration of one-way slow wave in waveguide involving gyromagnetic photonic crystals
journal, June 2013

Chern number and edge states in the integer quantum Hall effect
journal, November 1993

Analogs of quantum-Hall-effect edge states in photonic crystals
journal, September 2008

Probing Electric Field in an Enclosed Field Mapper for Characterizing Metamaterials
journal, January 2014

Hierarchy of Floquet gaps and edge states for driven honeycomb lattices
journal, April 2015

Observation of unidirectional backscattering-immune topological electromagnetic states
journal, October 2009

Possible Realization of Directional Optical Waveguides in Photonic Crystals with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry
journal, January 2008

Reflection-Free One-Way Edge Modes in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal
journal, January 2008

Photonic Floquet topological insulators
conference, September 2013

Photonic Topological Insulators
journal, January 2013

Reflection-Free One-Way Edge Modes in a Gyromagnetic Photonic Crystal
text, January 2007

Robust optical delay lines via topological protection
text, January 2011

Quantum anomalous Hall effect with tunable Chern number in magnetic topological insulator film
text, January 2011

Photonic Floquet Topological Insulators
text, January 2012

Experimental realization of photonic topological insulator in a uniaxial metacrystal waveguide
text, January 2014

Topologically protected excitons in porphyrin thin films
text, January 2014

Experimental Observation of the Quantum Anomalous Hall Effect in a Magnetic Topological Insulator
text, January 2016

Chern Numbers in Discretized Brillouin Zone: Efficient Method of Computing (Spin) Hall Conductances
text, January 2005

Possible Realization of Directional Optical Waveguides in Photonic Crystals with Broken Time-Reversal Symmetry
text, January 2005

Applications of Topological Photonics in Integrated Photonic Devices
journal, August 2017

Thermo-optical Tunable Ultracompact Chip-Integrated 1D Photonic Topological Insulator
journal, December 2017

Topological phase transitions and Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays: Topological phase transitions and Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays
journal, October 2016

Experimental Realization of Multiple Topological Edge States in a 1D Photonic Lattice
journal, January 2019

Tutorial: Computing Topological Invariants in 2D Photonic Crystals
journal, October 2019

Topological photonic crystals: a review
journal, January 2020

Ultra-narrow unidirectional transmission filter assisted by topological interface state in one-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructure
journal, June 2019

Topological magnetoplasmon
journal, November 2016

Experimental observation of anomalous topological edge modes in a slowly driven photonic lattice
journal, January 2017

Crystalline metamaterials for topological properties at subwavelength scales
journal, July 2017

Symmetry-protected topological photonic crystal in three dimensions
journal, January 2016

Topological states in photonic systems
journal, June 2016

Experimental measurement of the Berry curvature from anomalous transport
journal, February 2017

Direct observation of valley-polarized topological edge states in designer surface plasmon crystals
journal, November 2017

Topological one-way fiber of second Chern number
journal, December 2018

Robust temporal pumping in a magneto-mechanical topological insulator
journal, February 2020

Two-dimensional topological photonics
journal, November 2017

Near-field imaging of spin-locked edge states in all-dielectric topological metasurfaces
journal, January 2019

Topologically-protected one-way leaky waves in nonreciprocal plasmonic structures
journal, February 2018

Nodal-line semimetal superlattices
journal, November 2018

Topological acoustic polaritons: robust sound manipulation at the subwavelength scale
journal, July 2017

One-way propagation of bulk states and robust edge states in photonic crystals with broken inversion and time-reversal symmetries
journal, June 2018

Interfacial waveforms in chiral lattices with gyroscopic spinners
journal, July 2018

Floquet engineering of exotic topological phases in systems of cold atoms
journal, August 2019

Higher winding number in a nonunitary photonic quantum walk
journal, December 2018

Topological Edge State in the Two-Dimensional Stampfli-Triangle Photonic Crystals
journal, October 2019

Towards large-Chern-number topological phases by periodic quenching
journal, May 2016

Topological phases in a Weyl semimetal multilayer
journal, April 2017

Recipe for creating an arbitrary number of Floquet chiral edge states
journal, June 2018

Symmetry protected topological phases characterized by isolated exceptional points
journal, April 2019

Revealing the Topology of Quasicrystals with a Diffraction Experiment
journal, November 2017

Space-time phononic crystals with anomalous topological edge states
journal, November 2019

Characterization of surface-states in a hollow core photonic crystal fiber
journal, January 2018

Polarization-resolved edge states in terahertz topological photonic crystal
journal, January 2019

Controlling interface states in 1D photonic crystals by tuning bulk geometric phases
journal, January 2017

Quantum anomalous Hall-quantum spin Hall effect in optical superlattices
journal, January 2018