DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity

Abstract

Earlier we reported the discovery and design of NBD-556 and their analogs which demonstrated their potential as HIV-1 entry inhibitors. However, progress in developing these inhibitors has been stymied by their CD4-agonist properties, an unfavorable trait for use as drug. Here in this paper, we demonstrate the successful conversion of a full CD4-agonist (NBD-556) through a partial CD4-agonist (NBD-09027), to a full CD4-antagonist (NBD-11021) by structure-based modification of the critical oxalamide midregion, previously thought to be intolerant of modification. NBD-11021 showed unprecedented neutralization breath for this class of inhibitors, with pan-neutralization against a panel of 56 Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 representing diverse subtypes of clinical isolates (IC50 as low as 270 nM). The cocrystal structure of NBD-11021 complexed to a monomeric HIV-1 gp120 core revealed its detail binding characteristics. The study is expected to provide a framework for further development of NBD series as HIV-1 entry inhibitors for clinical application against AIDS.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [1];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [3];  [2];  [1]
  1. New York Blood Center, New York, NY (United States). Lindsey F. Kimball Research Inst., Lab. of Molecular Modeling and Drug Design
  2. National Inst. of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD (United States). National Inst. of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Vaccine Research Center
  3. Moscow State Univ., Moscow (Russian Federation)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Institutes of Health (NIH)
OSTI Identifier:
1222007
Grant/Contract Number:  
W-31-109-Eng-38; RO1 AI104416
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 58; Journal Issue: 17; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-2623
Publisher:
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
ENGLISH
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Curreli, Francesca, Kwon, Young Do, Zhang, Hongtao, Scacalossi, Daniel, Belov, Dmitry S., Tikhonov, Artur A., Andreev, Ivan A., Altieri, Andrea, Kurkin, Alexander V., Kwong, Peter D., and Debnath, Asim K. Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity. United States: N. p., 2015. Web. doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00709.
Curreli, Francesca, Kwon, Young Do, Zhang, Hongtao, Scacalossi, Daniel, Belov, Dmitry S., Tikhonov, Artur A., Andreev, Ivan A., Altieri, Andrea, Kurkin, Alexander V., Kwong, Peter D., & Debnath, Asim K. Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00709
Curreli, Francesca, Kwon, Young Do, Zhang, Hongtao, Scacalossi, Daniel, Belov, Dmitry S., Tikhonov, Artur A., Andreev, Ivan A., Altieri, Andrea, Kurkin, Alexander V., Kwong, Peter D., and Debnath, Asim K. Mon . "Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00709. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1222007.
@article{osti_1222007,
title = {Structure-Based Design of a Small Molecule CD4-Antagonist with Broad Spectrum Anti-HIV-1 Activity},
author = {Curreli, Francesca and Kwon, Young Do and Zhang, Hongtao and Scacalossi, Daniel and Belov, Dmitry S. and Tikhonov, Artur A. and Andreev, Ivan A. and Altieri, Andrea and Kurkin, Alexander V. and Kwong, Peter D. and Debnath, Asim K.},
abstractNote = {Earlier we reported the discovery and design of NBD-556 and their analogs which demonstrated their potential as HIV-1 entry inhibitors. However, progress in developing these inhibitors has been stymied by their CD4-agonist properties, an unfavorable trait for use as drug. Here in this paper, we demonstrate the successful conversion of a full CD4-agonist (NBD-556) through a partial CD4-agonist (NBD-09027), to a full CD4-antagonist (NBD-11021) by structure-based modification of the critical oxalamide midregion, previously thought to be intolerant of modification. NBD-11021 showed unprecedented neutralization breath for this class of inhibitors, with pan-neutralization against a panel of 56 Env-pseudotyped HIV-1 representing diverse subtypes of clinical isolates (IC50 as low as 270 nM). The cocrystal structure of NBD-11021 complexed to a monomeric HIV-1 gp120 core revealed its detail binding characteristics. The study is expected to provide a framework for further development of NBD series as HIV-1 entry inhibitors for clinical application against AIDS.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00709},
journal = {Journal of Medicinal Chemistry},
number = 17,
volume = 58,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Aug 24 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Mon Aug 24 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 45 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Co-receptors for HIV-1 entry
journal, August 1997


Enhanced Exposure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Primary Isolate Neutralization Epitopes through Binding of CD4 Mimetic Compounds
journal, August 2010

  • Yoshimura, Kazuhisa; Harada, Shigeyoshi; Shibata, Junji
  • Journal of Virology, Vol. 84, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00227-10

The CD4 (T4) antigen is an essential component of the receptor for the AIDS retrovirus
journal, December 1984

  • Dalgleish, Angus G.; Beverley, Peter C. L.; Clapham, Paul R.
  • Nature, Vol. 312, Issue 5996
  • DOI: 10.1038/312763a0

Binding Mode Characterization of NBD Series CD4-Mimetic HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors by X-Ray Structure and Resistance Study
journal, July 2014

  • Curreli, Francesca; Kwon, Young Do; Zhang, Hongtao
  • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 58, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1128/AAC.03339-14

A CD4 mimic as an HIV entry inhibitor: Pharmacokinetics
journal, December 2013

  • Hashimoto, Chie; Narumi, Tetsuo; Otsuki, Hiroyuki
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 24
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.10.005

Vpr Is Required for Efficient Replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 in Mononuclear Phagocytes
journal, February 1995


HIV-1 Membrane Fusion
journal, October 2000

  • Doms, Robert W.; Moore, John P.
  • Journal of Cell Biology, Vol. 151, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1083/jcb.151.2.F9

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapies Are Effective against HIV-1 Cell-to-Cell Transmission
journal, February 2014


Macropinocytosis Is the Entry Mechanism of Amphotropic Murine Leukemia Virus
journal, November 2014

  • Rasmussen, Izabela; Vilhardt, Frederik
  • Journal of Virology, Vol. 89, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02343-14

Effect of Amino Acid Substitution of the V3 and Bridging Sheet Residues in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C gp120 on CCR5 Utilization
journal, March 2003


CD4 mimics as HIV entry inhibitors: Lead optimization studies of the aromatic substituents
journal, May 2013

  • Narumi, Tetsuo; Arai, Hiroshi; Yoshimura, Kazuhisa
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.02.041

Thermodynamics of Binding of a Low-Molecular-Weight CD4 Mimetic to HIV-1 gp120
journal, September 2006

  • Schön, Arne; Madani, Navid; Klein, Jeffrey C.
  • Biochemistry, Vol. 45, Issue 36
  • DOI: 10.1021/bi061193r

HIV entry inhibitors
journal, July 2007


Effects of HIV Type 1 Envelope Glycoprotein Proteolytic Processing on Antigenicity
journal, March 2003


Structure of an HIV gp120 envelope glycoprotein in complex with the CD4 receptor and a neutralizing human antibody
journal, June 1998

  • Kwong, Peter D.; Wyatt, Richard; Robinson, James
  • Nature, Vol. 393, Issue 6686
  • DOI: 10.1038/31405

An Inducible Cell-Cell Fusion System with Integrated Ability to Measure the Efficiency and Specificity of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors
journal, November 2011


CD4-dependent, antibody-sensitive interactions between HIV-1 and its co-receptor CCR-5
journal, November 1996

  • Trkola, Alexandra; Dragic, Tatjana; Arthos, James
  • Nature, Vol. 384, Issue 6605
  • DOI: 10.1038/384184a0

Highly complex neutralization determinants on a monophyletic lineage of newly transmitted subtype C HIV-1 Env clones from India
journal, March 2009


Structure-Based Design and Synthesis of an HIV-1 Entry Inhibitor Exploiting X-ray and Thermodynamic Characterization
journal, January 2013

  • LaLonde, Judith M.; Le-Khac, Matthew; Jones, David M.
  • ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 4, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1021/ml300407y

Michellamine B, a novel plant alkaloid, inhibits human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing by at least two distinct mechanisms
journal, February 1995

  • McMahon, J. B.; Currens, M. J.; Gulakowski, R. J.
  • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 39, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1128/AAC.39.2.484

Cryo-EM Structure of a Fully Glycosylated Soluble Cleaved HIV-1 Envelope Trimer
journal, October 2013


Structure-Based Design, Synthesis and Validation of CD4-Mimetic Small Molecule Inhibitors of HIV-1 Entry: Conversion of a Viral Entry Agonist to an Antagonist
journal, February 2014

  • Courter, Joel R.; Madani, Navid; Sodroski, Joseph
  • Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 47, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1021/ar4002735

A Cell-penetrating Helical Peptide as a Potential HIV-1 Inhibitor
journal, May 2008

  • Zhang, Hongtao; Zhao, Qian; Bhattacharya, Shibani
  • Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol. 378, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.02.066

Cross-Subtype Neutralization Sensitivity despite Monoclonal Antibody Resistance among Early Subtype A, C, and D Envelope Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
journal, August 2009

  • Blish, Catherine A.; Jalalian-Lechak, Zahra; Rainwater, Stephanie
  • Journal of Virology, Vol. 83, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00673-09

Development of a Comprehensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Screening Algorithm for Discovery and Preclinical Testing of Topical Microbicides
journal, May 2008

  • Lackman-Smith, Carol; Osterling, Clay; Luckenbaugh, Katherine
  • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Vol. 52, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01328-07

Small-molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 entry block receptor-induced conformational changes in the viral envelope glycoproteins
journal, March 2004

  • Si, Z.; Madani, N.; Cox, J. M.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 101, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307953101

FEM: feature-enhanced map
journal, February 2015

  • Afonine, Pavel V.; Moriarty, Nigel W.; Mustyakimov, Marat
  • Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 71, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1107/S1399004714028132

Effects of CCR5 and CD4 Cell Surface Concentrations on Infections by Macrophagetropic Isolates of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
journal, April 1998


Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecule inhibitors of CD4-gp120 binding based on virtual screening
journal, January 2011

  • LaLonde, Judith M.; Elban, Mark A.; Courter, Joel R.
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.11.049

Identification and characterization of transmitted and early founder virus envelopes in primary HIV-1 infection
journal, May 2008

  • Keele, B. F.; Giorgi, E. E.; Salazar-Gonzalez, J. F.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 105, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0802203105

Characterization and Selection of HIV-1 Subtype C Isolates for Use in Vaccine Development
journal, February 2003

  • Williamson, Carolyn; Morris, Lynn; Maughan, Maureen F.
  • AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 19, Issue 2, p. 133-144
  • DOI: 10.1089/088922203762688649

Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry into Macrophages Mediated by Macropinocytosis
journal, November 2001


Structure-Based Identification of Small Molecule Antiviral Compounds Targeted to the gp41 Core Structure of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
journal, August 1999

  • Debnath, Asim Kumar; Radigan, Lin; Jiang, Shibo
  • Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 42, Issue 17
  • DOI: 10.1021/jm990154t

Asymmetric HIV-1 co-receptor use and replication in CD4+ T lymphocytes
journal, January 2010

  • Mariani, Samanta A.; Vicenzi, Elisa; Poli, Guido
  • Journal of Translational Medicine, Vol. 9, Issue Suppl 1
  • DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-S1-S8

Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Activity of Entry Inhibitors That Target the CD4-Binding Site of HIV-1
journal, May 2012

  • Curreli, Francesca; Choudhury, Spreeha; Pyatkin, Ilya
  • Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 55, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1021/jm3002247

Antiviral Activity of Retrocyclin RC-101, a Candidate Microbicide Against Cell-Associated HIV-1
journal, February 2013

  • Gupta, Phalguni; Lackman-Smith, Carol; Snyder, Beth
  • AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 29, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1089/AID.2012.0135

Cell-Cell Transmission Enables HIV-1 to Evade Inhibition by Potent CD4bs Directed Antibodies
journal, April 2012


The β-Chemokine Receptors CCR3 and CCR5 Facilitate Infection by Primary HIV-1 Isolates
journal, June 1996


Pyrazolo-Piperidines Exhibit Dual Inhibition of CCR5/CXCR4 HIV Entry and Reverse Transcriptase
journal, June 2015


Neutralization Escape Variants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Are Transmitted from Mother to Infant
journal, December 2005


A Bioassay for HIV-1 Based on Env-CD4 Interaction
journal, November 1990

  • Ciminale, Vincenzo; Felber, Barbara K.; Campbell, Mel
  • AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 6, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1089/aid.1990.6.1281

Involvement of Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry
journal, January 2005


HIV-1 pathogenesis
journal, July 2003


PGV04, an HIV-1 gp120 CD4 Binding Site Antibody, Is Broad and Potent in Neutralization but Does Not Induce Conformational Changes Characteristic of CD4
journal, February 2012

  • Falkowska, Emilia; Ramos, Alejandra; Feng, Yu
  • Journal of Virology, Vol. 86, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1128/JVI.06973-11

Emergence of Resistant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 in Patients Receiving Fusion Inhibitor (T-20) Monotherapy
journal, June 2002


Coot model-building tools for molecular graphics
journal, November 2004

  • Emsley, Paul; Cowtan, Kevin
  • Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 60, Issue 12, p. 2126-2132
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0907444904019158

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD4 receptor and its central role in promotion of HIV-1 infection.
journal, January 1995


Envelope-Constrained Neutralization-Sensitive HIV-1 After Heterosexual Transmission
journal, March 2004


CD4 mimics targeting the mechanism of HIV entry
journal, January 2010

  • Yamada, Yuko; Ochiai, Chihiro; Yoshimura, Kazuhisa
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.10.098

A Human Antibody to the CD4 Binding Site of gp120 Capable of Highly Potent but Sporadic Cross Clade Neutralization of Primary HIV-1
journal, August 2013


Discovery of Small-Molecule Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry Inhibitors That Target the gp120-Binding Domain of CD4
journal, May 2005


Rational Design of HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors
book, January 2013


Adaptation of a CCR5-Using, Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Isolate for CD4-Independent Replication
journal, October 1999


Small-Molecule CD4 Mimics Interact with a Highly Conserved Pocket on HIV-1 gp120
journal, November 2008


PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution
journal, January 2010

  • Adams, Paul D.; Afonine, Pavel V.; Bunkóczi, Gábor
  • Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography, Vol. 66, Issue 2, p. 213-221
  • DOI: 10.1107/S0907444909052925

HIV Type 1 Variants Transmitted to Women in Kenya Require the CCR5 Coreceptor for Entry, Regardless of the Genetic Complexity of the Infecting Virus
journal, May 2002

  • Long, E. Michelle; Rainwater, Stephanie M. J.; Lavreys, Ludo
  • AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Vol. 18, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1089/088922202753747914

Unliganded HIV-1 gp120 core structures assume the CD4-bound conformation with regulation by quaternary interactions and variable loops
journal, March 2012

  • Kwon, Y. D.; Finzi, A.; Wu, X.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 109, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112391109

Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of Dual Hotspot Small-Molecule HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors
journal, April 2012

  • LaLonde, Judith M.; Kwon, Young Do; Jones, David M.
  • Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 55, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1021/jm300265j

Crystal Structures of HIV-1 gp120 Envelope Glycoprotein in Complex with NBD Analogues That Target the CD4-Binding Site
journal, January 2014


Antibody neutralization and escape by HIV-1
journal, March 2003

  • Wei, Xiping; Decker, Julie M.; Wang, Shuyi
  • Nature, Vol. 422, Issue 6929
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature01470

CD4 mimics targeting the HIV entry mechanism and their hybrid molecules with a CXCR4 antagonist
journal, October 2010

  • Narumi, Tetsuo; Ochiai, Chihiro; Yoshimura, Kazuhisa
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, Vol. 20, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.106

Synthesis and Applications of tert -Butanesulfinamide
journal, June 2010

  • Robak, MaryAnn T.; Herbage, Melissa A.; Ellman, Jonathan A.
  • Chemical Reviews, Vol. 110, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1021/cr900382t

Small molecular CD4 mimics as HIV entry inhibitors
journal, November 2011

  • Narumi, Tetsuo; Arai, Hiroshi; Yoshimura, Kazuhisa
  • Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.045

The CD4 antigen: Physiological ligand and HIV receptor
journal, March 1988


The role of CD4 in HIV binding and entry
journal, October 1993

  • Sattentau, Quentin J.; Moore, John P.
  • Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 342, Issue 1299, p. 59-66
  • DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1993.0136

HIV Enters Cells via Endocytosis and Dynamin-Dependent Fusion with Endosomes
journal, May 2009


[20] Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode
book, January 1997


Mild and selective palladium(0)-catalyzed deallylation of allylic amines. Allylamine and diallylamine as very convenient ammonia equivalents for the synthesis of primary amines
journal, October 1993

  • Garro-Helion, Florence; Merzouk, Ahmed; Guibe, Francois
  • The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 58, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1021/jo00074a044

Characterization of the murine leukemia virus protease and its comparison with the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease
journal, May 2006

  • Fehér, Anita; Boross, Péter; Sperka, Tamás
  • Journal of General Virology, Vol. 87, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81382-0

HIV Entry and Its Inhibition
journal, May 1998


The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) CD4 receptor and its central role in promotion of HIV-1 infection
journal, March 1995


Coreceptor usage of primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates varies according to biological phenotype.
journal, January 1997


Construction and use of a human immunodeficiency virus vector for analysis of virus infectivity
journal, November 1990


Works referencing / citing this record:

In Silico Identification of Novel Aromatic Compounds as Potential HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors Mimicking Cellular Receptor CD4
journal, August 2019

  • Andrianov, Alexander M.; Nikolaev, Grigory I.; Kornoushenko, Yuri V.
  • Viruses, Vol. 11, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.3390/v11080746

Computational design, synthesis and evaluation of new sulphonamide derivatives targeting HIV-1 gp120
journal, December 2019

  • Vangala, Radhika; Sivan, Sree Kanth; Peddi, Saikiran Reddy
  • Journal of Computer-Aided Molecular Design, Vol. 34, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1007/s10822-019-00258-0

Antiviral Compounds from Myxobacteria
journal, July 2018


The first oxalamide-bridged ferrocene: Facile synthesis, preliminary conformational analysis and biological evaluation: The first oxalamide-bridged ferrocene
journal, November 2016

  • Kovač, Veronika; Radošević, Kristina; Bebek, Anica
  • Applied Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 31, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/aoc.3653

The Discovery and Development of Oxalamide and Pyrrole Small Molecule Inhibitors of gp120 and HIV Entry - A Review
journal, October 2019


Virtual screening and identification of potential HIV-1 inhibitors based on the cross-reactive neutralizing antibody N6
journal, September 2019

  • Andrianov, Alexander M.; Nikolaev, Gregory I.; Kornoushenko, Yuri V.
  • Doklady of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Vol. 63, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.29235/1561-8323-2019-63-4-445-456

Novel one-pot expeditious synthesis of 2,4-disubstituted thiazoles through a three-component reaction under solvent free conditions
journal, December 2017


Small-molecule HIV-1 entry inhibitors targeting gp120 and gp41: a patent review (2010-2015)
journal, January 2017


Antiviral Compounds from Myxobacteria
journal, July 2018


Virtual Screening, Biological Evaluation, and 3D-QSAR Studies of New HIV-1 Entry Inhibitors That Function via the CD4 Primary Receptor
journal, November 2018