Effect of Divalent Cation Removal on the Structure of Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Models

Clifton, Luke A.; Skoda, Maximilian W. A.; Le Brun, Anton P.; Ciesielski, Filip; Kuzmenko, Ivan; Holt, Stephen A.; Lakey, Jeremy H.

doi:10.1021/la504407v

Title: Effect of Divalent Cation Removal on the Structure of Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Models

Journal Article · Mon Dec 08 23:00:00 EST 2014 · Langmuir

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/la504407v · OSTI ID:1213695

Clifton, Luke A. ^[1]; Skoda, Maximilian W. A. ^[1]; Le Brun, Anton P. ^[2]; Ciesielski, Filip ^[1]; Kuzmenko, Ivan ^[3]; Holt, Stephen A. ^[2]; Lakey, Jeremy H. ^[4]

Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), Oxford (United Kingdom). Rutherford Appleton Lab., ISIS Pulsed Neutron and Muon Source
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Menai, NSW (Australia). Bragg Inst.
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source (APS)
Newcastle Univ. (United Kingdom). Inst. for Cell and Molecular Biosciences

The Gram-negative bacterial outer membrane (GNB-OM) is asymmetric in its lipid composition with a phospholipid-rich inner leaflet and an outer leaflet predominantly composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS). LPS are polyanionic molecules, with numerous phosphate groups present in the lipid A and core oligosaccharide regions. The repulsive forces due to accumulation of the negative charges are screened and bridged by the divalent cations (Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺) that are known to be crucial for the integrity of the bacterial OM. Indeed, chelation of divalent cations is a well-established method to permeabilize Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Here, we use X-ray and neutron reflectivity (XRR and NR, respectively) techniques to examine the role of calcium ions in the stability of a model GNB-OM. Using XRR we show that Ca²⁺ binds to the core region of the rough mutant LPS (RaLPS) films, producing more ordered structures in comparison to divalent cation free monolayers. Using recently developed solid-supported models of the GNB-OM, we study the effect of calcium removal on the asymmetry of DPPC:RaLPS bilayers. We show that without the charge screening effect of divalent cations, the LPS is forced to overcome the thermodynamically unfavorable energy barrier and flip across the hydrophobic bilayer to minimize the repulsive electrostatic forces, resulting in about 20% mixing of LPS and DPPC between the inner and outer bilayer leaflets. These results reveal for the first time the molecular details behind the well-known mechanism of outer membrane stabilization by divalent cations. This confirms the relevance of the asymmetric models for future studies of outer membrane stability and antibiotic penetration.

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Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Advanced Photon Source

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 1213695

Journal Information:: Langmuir, Journal Name: Langmuir Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 31; ISSN 0743-7463

Publisher:: American Chemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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