Evaluation of Surface Flux Parameterizations with Long-Term ARM Observations
Abstract
Surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes are critical for atmospheric processes such as clouds and precipitation, and are parameterized in a variety of models ranging from cloud-resolving models to large-scale weather and climate models. However, direct evaluation of the parameterization schemes for these surface fluxes is rare due to limited observations. This study takes advantage of the long-term observations of surface fluxes collected at the Southern Great Plains site by the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program to evaluate the six surface flux parameterization schemes commonly used in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and three U.S. general circulation models (GCMs). The unprecedented 7-yr-long measurements by the eddy correlation (EC) and energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) methods permit statistical evaluation of all six parameterizations under a variety of stability conditions, diurnal cycles, and seasonal variations. The statistical analyses show that the momentum flux parameterization agrees best with the EC observations, followed by latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and evaporation ratio/Bowen ratio. The overall performance of the parameterizations depends on atmospheric stability, being best under neutral stratification and deteriorating toward both more stable and more unstable conditions. Further diagnostic analysis reveals that in addition to themore »
- Authors:
-
- Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States); Nanjing Univ. (China). School of Atmospheric Sciences
- Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Brookhaven National Lab. (BNL), Upton, NY (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1079874
- Report Number(s):
- BNL-96478-2013-JA
Journal ID: ISSN 0027-0644; R&D Project: 2012-BNL-EE631EECA-BUDG; KP1703020
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-98CH10886
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Monthly Weather Review
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 141; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0027-0644
- Publisher:
- American Meteorological Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Citation Formats
Liu, Gang, Liu, Yangang, and Endo, Satoshi. Evaluation of Surface Flux Parameterizations with Long-Term ARM Observations. United States: N. p., 2013.
Web. doi:10.1175/MWR-D-12-00095.1.
Liu, Gang, Liu, Yangang, & Endo, Satoshi. Evaluation of Surface Flux Parameterizations with Long-Term ARM Observations. United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00095.1
Liu, Gang, Liu, Yangang, and Endo, Satoshi. Fri .
"Evaluation of Surface Flux Parameterizations with Long-Term ARM Observations". United States. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-12-00095.1. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1079874.
@article{osti_1079874,
title = {Evaluation of Surface Flux Parameterizations with Long-Term ARM Observations},
author = {Liu, Gang and Liu, Yangang and Endo, Satoshi},
abstractNote = {Surface momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat fluxes are critical for atmospheric processes such as clouds and precipitation, and are parameterized in a variety of models ranging from cloud-resolving models to large-scale weather and climate models. However, direct evaluation of the parameterization schemes for these surface fluxes is rare due to limited observations. This study takes advantage of the long-term observations of surface fluxes collected at the Southern Great Plains site by the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement program to evaluate the six surface flux parameterization schemes commonly used in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and three U.S. general circulation models (GCMs). The unprecedented 7-yr-long measurements by the eddy correlation (EC) and energy balance Bowen ratio (EBBR) methods permit statistical evaluation of all six parameterizations under a variety of stability conditions, diurnal cycles, and seasonal variations. The statistical analyses show that the momentum flux parameterization agrees best with the EC observations, followed by latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and evaporation ratio/Bowen ratio. The overall performance of the parameterizations depends on atmospheric stability, being best under neutral stratification and deteriorating toward both more stable and more unstable conditions. Further diagnostic analysis reveals that in addition to the parameterization schemes themselves, the discrepancies between observed and parameterized sensible and latent heat fluxes may stem from inadequate use of input variables such as surface temperature, moisture availability, and roughness length. The results demonstrate the need for improving the land surface models and measurements of surface properties, which would permit the evaluation of full land surface models.},
doi = {10.1175/MWR-D-12-00095.1},
journal = {Monthly Weather Review},
number = 2,
volume = 141,
place = {United States},
year = {Fri Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2013},
month = {Fri Feb 01 00:00:00 EST 2013}
}
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