Fuel cell nanocatalyst

Debe, Mark K.; Hendricks, Susan M.; Vernstrom, George D.; Schmoeckel, Alison K.; Atanasoski, Radoslav; Hamilton, Clayton V.

Advanced Search OptionsAdvanced Search queries use a traditional Term Search. For more info, see our FAQ.

All Fields:

Patent Title:

Abstract:

Assignee:

Inventor(s):

Patent Number:

Patent Classification (CPC):

More Options ...

Title: Fuel cell nanocatalyst

Abstract

A fuel cell cathode catalyst is provided comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured support whiskers bearing nanoscopic catalyst particles; wherein the catalyst comprises platinum and manganese and at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIb metals, Group VIIb metals and Group VIIIb metals other than platinum and manganese; wherein the volume ratio of platinum to the sum of all other metals in the catalyst is between about 1 and about 4 and wherein the Mn content is equal to or greater than about 5 micrograms/cm2 areal density. Typically, the volume ratio of manganese to the at least one other metal is between 10:90 and 90:10. Typically, the at least one other metal is Ni or Co. In addition, a fuel cell MBA comprising the present cathode catalyst is provided. In addition, methods of making the present cathode catalyst are provided.

Inventors:: Debe, Mark K.; Hendricks, Susan M.; Vernstrom, George D.; Schmoeckel, Alison K.; Atanasoski, Radoslav; Hamilton, Jr., Clayton V.

Issue Date:: 2009-11-24

Research Org.:: 3M Innovative Properties Company

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1531613

Patent Number(s):: 7622217

Application Number:: 11/248,561

Assignee:: 3M Innovative Properties Company (St. Paul, MN)

Patent Classifications (CPCs):: C - CHEMISTRY C08 - ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS C08J - WORKING-UP

H - ELECTRICITY H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M - PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Show more

C - CHEMISTRY C08 - ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS C08J - WORKING-UP
C08J2327/18 - Homopolymers or copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene
C08J5/2237 - {containing fluorine}

H - ELECTRICITY H01 - BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS H01M - PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
H01M2300/0082 - Organic polymers
H01M4/92 - Metals of platinum group
H01M4/926 - {on carbon or graphite}
H01M8/1004 - characterised by membrane-electrode assemblies [MEA]
H01M8/1018 - Polymeric electrolyte materials
H01M8/1023 - having only carbon, e.g. polyarylenes, polystyrenes or polybutadiene-styrenes
H01M8/1039 - halogenated, e.g. sulfonated polyvinylidene fluorides

Y - NEW / CROSS SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES Y02 - TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE Y02E - REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
Y02E60/50 - Fuel cells

Show less

DOE Contract Number:: FC36-02AL67621

Resource Type:: Patent

Resource Relation:: Patent File Date: 2005-10-12

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 77 NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

Citation Formats


                    Debe, Mark K., Hendricks, Susan M., Vernstrom, George D., Schmoeckel, Alison K., Atanasoski, Radoslav, and Hamilton, Jr., Clayton V. Fuel cell nanocatalyst.  United States: N. p., 2009. 
        Web.

Copy to clipboard


                    Debe, Mark K., Hendricks, Susan M., Vernstrom, George D., Schmoeckel, Alison K., Atanasoski, Radoslav, & Hamilton, Jr., Clayton V. Fuel cell nanocatalyst.  United States.

Copy to clipboard


                    Debe, Mark K., Hendricks, Susan M., Vernstrom, George D., Schmoeckel, Alison K., Atanasoski, Radoslav, and Hamilton, Jr., Clayton V. Tue .  
        "Fuel cell nanocatalyst".  United States.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1531613.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1531613,

  title        = {Fuel cell nanocatalyst},

  author       = {Debe, Mark K. and Hendricks, Susan M. and Vernstrom, George D. and Schmoeckel, Alison K. and Atanasoski, Radoslav and Hamilton, Jr., Clayton V.},

  abstractNote = {A fuel cell cathode catalyst is provided comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured support whiskers bearing nanoscopic catalyst particles; wherein the catalyst comprises platinum and manganese and at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Group VIb metals, Group VIIb metals and Group VIIIb metals other than platinum and manganese; wherein the volume ratio of platinum to the sum of all other metals in the catalyst is between about 1 and about 4 and wherein the Mn content is equal to or greater than about 5 micrograms/cm2 areal density. Typically, the volume ratio of manganese to the at least one other metal is between 10:90 and 90:10. Typically, the at least one other metal is Ni or Co. In addition, a fuel cell MBA comprising the present cathode catalyst is provided. In addition, methods of making the present cathode catalyst are provided.},

  doi          = {},

  journal      = {},
number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2009},

  month        = {11}

}

Copy to clipboard

Patent:

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Article having surface layer of uniformly oriented, crystalline, organic microstructures
patent, March 1989

Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Document 4,812,352
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4812352

Catalyst for membrane electrode assembly and method of making
patent, March 2000

Debe, Mark K.; Haugen, Gregory M.; Steinbach, Andrew J.
US Patent Document 6,040,077
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6040077

Proton-conducting ceramic/polymer composite membrane for the temperature range up to 300 degree C
patent-application, December 2004

Kerres, Jochen; Nicoloso, Norbert; Schafer, Gunther
US Patent Application 10/870156; 20040251450
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040251450

Fuel cell
patent-application, January 2003

Wessel, Helge; Bender, Michael; Harth, Klaus
US Patent Application 10/179249; 20030008196
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20030008196

Method of producing a microstructured surface and the article produced thereby
patent, July 1982

Maffitt, Kent N.; Willson, Richard F.
US Patent Document 4,340,276
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4340276

Membrane
patent, September 1989

Hendy, Brian N.
US Patent Document 4,866,099
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4866099

Membrane electrode assembly having annealed polymer electrolyte membrane
patent, November 2003

Hamrock, Steven J.; Lewin, Jörn; Mao, Shane S.
US Patent Document 6,649,295
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6649295

Membrane electrode assembly
patent, March 1999

Debe, Mark K.; Poirier, Richard J.; Wackerfuss, Michael K.
US Patent Document 5,879,828
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5879828

Catalyst for membrane electrode assembly and method of making
patent, March 1999

Debe, Mark K.; Haugen, Gregory M.; Steinbach, Andrew J.
US Patent Document 5,879,827
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5879827

Single-film membrane, process for obtaining it and use thereof
patent, November 1998

El Moussaoui, Rachid; Hurwitz, Henri
US Patent Document 5,840,192
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5840192

Proton-conducting membrane, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the same
patent, January 2004

Honma, Itaru; Nomura, Shigeki; Sugimoto, Toshiya
US Patent Document 6,680,138
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6680138

Hydrated metal ionomer membranes for gas separation
patent, May 1988

Wu, Marinda L.; Gordon, Terry D.; Martin, Charles W.
US Patent Document 4,741,744
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4741744

Method of Producing a Membrane Electrode Assembly, and Membrane Electrode Assembly Produced Using this Method, as Well as Associated Fuel Cell Battery
patent-application, May 2002

Datz, Armin; Frank, Michael; Poppinger, Manfred
US Patent Application 10007392; 20020058172
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020058172

Electrocatalyst for anode
patent, July 1993

Stonehart, Paul; Yamamoto, Nobuo; Tsurumi, Kazunori
US Patent Document 5,225,391
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5225391

Toluic acid
patent, November 1983

Waller, Francis J.
US Patent Document 4,416,801
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4416801

Effect of gravity on copper phthalocyanine thin films III: Microstructure comparisons of copper phthalocyanine thin films grown in microgravity and unit gravity
journal, May 1990

Debe, M. K.; Poirier, R. J.
Thin Solid Films, Vol. 186, Issue 2
https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(90)90149-8

Organic thin film controlled molecular epitaxy
patent, January 1993

Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Document 5,176,786
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5176786

Fabrication of biologically based microstructure composites for vacuum field emission
journal, October 1992

Chow, G. M.; Stockton, W. B.; Price, R.
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 158, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-5093(92)90128-N

Process of preparing electrode for fuel cell
patent, February 1993

Watanabe, Masahiro
US Patent Document 5,186,877
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5186877

Membrane electrode assemblies with hydrogen peroxide decomposition catalyst
patent-application, March 2004

Cipollini, Ned; Condit, David; Hertzberg, Jared
US Patent Application 10/235074; 20040043283
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040043283

Incorporation and characterisation of oxides of manganese, cobalt and lithium into Nafion 117 membranes
journal, January 2001

Ludvigsson, Mikael; Lindgren, Jan; Tegenfeldt, Jörgen
Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 11, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1039/b005973k

Constituents and methods for protecting fuel cell components, including PEMS
patent-application, March 2006

Merzougui, Belabbes A.; Mance, Andrew M.; Xie, Tao
US Patent Application 10/929190; 20060046120
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20060046120

Solid electrolyte composite for electrochemical reaction apparatus
patent, June 2001

Mushiake, Naofumi
US Patent Document 6,242,135
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6242135

Summary Abstract: Dramatic variation of the physical microstructure of a vapor deposited organic thin film
journal, July 1987

Kam, K. K.; Debe, M. K.; Poirier, R. J.
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 5, Issue 4
https://doi.org/10.1116/1.574490

Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell
patent, December 1995

Watanabe, Masahiro
US Patent Document 5,472,799
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5472799

Fuel cell cathode catalyst
patent-application, March 2005

Vernstrom, George D.; Atanasoski, Radoslav; Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Application 10/674594; 20050069755
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20050069755

Selective reaction of hexafluoropropylene oxide with perfluoroacyl fluorides
patent-application, June 2004

Guerra, Miguel Antonio
US Patent Application 10/322254; 20040116742
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040116742

Suboxide Fuel Cell Catalyst for Enhanced Reformate Tolerance
patent-application, January 2002

Haugen, Gregory M.; Debe, Mark K.; Thomas III, John H.
US Patent Application 09/745,501; 2002/0004453 Al
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020004453

Ion-exchanged transition metal catalysts for the direct oxidation of olefins to epoxyalcohols
patent, May 1977

Lyons, James E.
US Patent Document 4,021,369
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4021369

Hydrogenation process
patent, August 1981

Kim, Leo; Paxson, Timm E.; Tang, Sunny C.
US Patent Document 4,284,835
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4284835

Solid electrolyte composite for electrochemical reaction apparatus
patent, October 2003

Bahar, Bamdad; Rusch, Greg; Kolde, Jeffrey A.
US Patent Document 6,635,384
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6635384

Polymer solid-electrolyte composition and electrochemical cell using the composition
patent, June 1996

Stonehart, Paul; Watanabe, Masahiro
US Patent Document 5,523,181
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5523181

Fuel cell durability
patent-application, March 2006

Frey, Matthew H.; Hamrock, Steven J.; Haugen, Gregory M.
US Patent Application 10/945178; 20060063055
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20060063055

Method and Apparatus for Forming High Surface Area Material Films and Membranes
patent-application, March 2004

Gore, Makarand P.; Dunfield, John Stephen
US Patent Application 10/236,429; 2004/0048466 Al
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040048466

Article with reduced friction polymer sheet support
patent, February 1986

Bilkadi, Zayn; Hendrickson, William A.
US Patent Document 4,568,598
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4568598

Effects of morphology on NO2 detection in air at room temperature with phthalocyanine thin films
journal, December 1990

Sadaoka, Y.; Jones, T. A.; Revell, G. S.
Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 25, Issue 12
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00580159

Process for making liquid composition of perfluorinated ion exchange polymer, and product thereof
patent, February 1984

Grot, Walther G.
US Patent Document 4,433,082
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4433082

Preparation, characterization and catalytic properties of perfluorosulfonated ion-exchange membranes containing surface-concentrated, hydrated ruthenium oxide particles
journal, December 1986

Michas, A.; Kelly, J. M.; Durand, R.
Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 29, Issue 3
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)81263-6

Process of preparing solid polymer electrolyte type fuel cell
patent, March 1994

Sakairi, Koichi; Yamamoto, Yumi
US Patent Document 5,294,232
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5294232

Composite article comprising oriented microstructures
patent, August 1994

Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Document 5,336,558
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5336558

Bipolar membrane and method for its production
patent, June 1993

Hanada, Fumio; Hirayama, Koki; Ohmura, Nobuhiko
US Patent Document 5,221,455
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5221455

Reinforced composite ionic conductive polymer membrane and fuel cell adopting the same
patent-application, February 2002

Kim, Hae-Kyoung
US Patent Application 09/931862; 20020015875
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020015875

Isoquinolinedione derivatives, pharmaceutical compositions and methods of use
patent, April 1989

Mertens, Alfred; Muller-Beckmann, Bernd
US Patent Document 4,824,835
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/4824835

Preparation of perfluorinated vinyl ethers having a sulfonyl fluoride end-group
patent, September 2003

Guerra, Miguel A.
US Patent Document 6,624,328
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6624328

Reduced degradation of ion-exchange membranes in electrochemical fuel cells
patent-application, June 2003

Andrews, Neil R.; Knights, Shanna D.; Murray, Kenneth A.
US Patent Application 10/738962; 20050136308
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20050136308

Active solid polymer electrolyte membrane for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell
patent-application, June 2002

Fukuda, Kaoru; Saito, Nobuhiro; Terada, Kazuhide
US Patent Application 09/970659; 20020076594
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020076594

Fuel cell
patent-application, January 2003

Oyanagi, Hiroyuki; Onodera, Minako
US Patent Application 10/187503; 20030013004
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20030013004

Nanostructured electrode membranes
patent, August 1994

Parsonage, Edward E.; Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Document 5,338,430
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5338430

Method for preparing an article having surface layer of uniformly oriented, crystalline, organic microstructures
patent, August 1991

Debe, Mark K.
US Patent Document 5,039,561
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5039561

Polymer electrolyte membrane
patent-application, June 2004

Hamrock, Steven Joseph; Rivard, Linda Mae; Innes Moore, George Gower
US Patent Application 10/325278; 20040121210
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040121210

High dispersion and electrocatalytic properties of platinum on well-aligned carbon nanotube arrays
journal, January 2004

Tang, H.; Chen, J. H.; Huang, Z. P.
Carbon, Vol. 42, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2003.10.023

Fuel cell systems and methods
patent, October 2003

McElroy, James F.
US Patent Document 6,630,263
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6630263

Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell
patent, January 2002

Asukabe, Michio; Xie, Gang
US Patent Document 6,335,112
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6335112

Vacuum vapor deposited thin films of a perylene dicarboximide derivative: Microstructure versus deposition parameters
journal, May 1988

Debe, M. K.; Kam, K. K.; Liu, J. C.
Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 6, Issue 3
https://doi.org/10.1116/1.575243

Composite membrane suitable for use in electrochemical devices
patent, May 2000

Murphy, Oliver J.; Cisar, Alan J.
US Patent Document 6,059,943
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6059943

Solid polymer electrolyte composition
patent, June 1998

Watanabe, Masahiro; Uchida, Hiroyuki
US Patent Document 5,766,787
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5766787

Electrode composition material for polymer electrolyte fuel cell and process of preparing same
patent, June 1998

Inoue, Masahiko; Tada, Tomoyuki
US Patent Document 5,766,788
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/5766788

Membrane electrode assembly
patent, November 2001

Debe, Mark K.; Poirier, Richard J.; Wackerfuss, Michael K.
US Patent Document 6,319,293
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6319293

Proton-conducting ceramic/polymer composite membrane for the temperature range up to 300.degree.C
patent-application, July 2002

Kerres, Jochen; Nicoloso, Norbert; Schafer, Gunther
US Patent Application 09/984531; 20020093008
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020093008

Proton-conducting membrane, method for producing the same, and fuel cell using the same
patent, March 2005

Honma, Itaru; Nomura, Shigeki; Sugimoto, Toshiya
US Patent Document 6,864,006
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/6864006

Development of novel self-humidifying composite membranes for fuel cells
journal, October 2003

Liu, Fuqiang; Yi, Baolian; Xing, Danmin
Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 124, Issue 1
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00616-5

Class of Electrocatalysts and a Gas Diffusion Electrode Based Thereon for Fuel Cells
patent-application, September 2002

Finkelshtain, Gennadi; Katzman, Yuri; Khidekel, Mikhail
US Patent Application 09/759231; 20020132157
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20020132157

Composite polymer electrolytes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells
patent-application, March 2004

Taft, III, Karl Milton; Kurano, Mathew Robert; Mada Kannan, Arunachala Nadar
US Patent Application 10/644227; 20040048129
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20040048129

Works referencing / citing this record:

Vertically aligned titanium oxide nanotubes for fuel cell electrodes
patent, October 2018

Cerri, Isotta; Roussel, Julien
US Patent Document 10,090,531
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/10090531

Bimetallic alloy electrocatalysts with multilayered platinum-skin surfaces
patent, January 2016

Stamenkovic, Vojislav; Wang, Chao-Huei J.; Markovic, Nenad
US Patent Document 9,246,177
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9246177

Bipolar plates and electrochemical cells employing the same
patent, October 2014

Shirvanian, Alireza Pezhman
US Patent Document 8,859,164
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8859164

Casting solution and method for making a polymer electrolyte membrane
patent, May 2015

Frey, Matthew H.; Hamrock, Steven J.; Haugen, Gregory M.
US Patent Document 9,034,538
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9034538

Fuel cell water management via reduced anode reactant pressure
patent, March 2016

Steinbach, Andrew J.; Debe, Mark K.; Haug, Andrew T.
US Patent Document 9,276,273
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9276273

Reinforced electrolyte membrane
patent, February 2018

Yandrasits, Michael A.; Lee, Ji-Hwa; Yi, Youngdon
US Patent Document 9,893,373
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/9893373

Platinum nickel catalyst alloy
patent, October 2013

Debe, Mark K.; Vernstrom, George D.; Steinbach, Andrew J. L.
US Patent Document 8,557,484
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/8557484