Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing

Kunc, Vlastimil; Rios, Orlando; Love, Lonnie J.; Duty, Chad E.; Johs, Alexander

Title: Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing

Abstract

Methods and compositions for additive manufacturing that include reactive or thermosetting polymers, such as urethanes and epoxies. The polymers are melted, partially cross-linked prior to the depositing, deposited to form a component object, solidified, and fully cross-linked. These polymers form networks of chemical bonds that span the deposited layers. Application of a directional electromagnetic field can be applied to aromatic polymers after deposition to align the polymers for improved bonding between the deposited layers.

Inventors:: Kunc, Vlastimil; Rios, Orlando; Love, Lonnie J.; Duty, Chad E.; Johs, Alexander

Issue Date:: 2017-05-16

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1357550

Patent Number(s):: 9650537

Application Number:: 14/252,423

Assignee:: UT-Battelle, LLC

Patent Classifications (CPCs):: B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B29 - WORKING OF PLASTICS B29C - SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS

B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B29 - WORKING OF PLASTICS B29K - INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR {MOULDS, } REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS

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B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B29 - WORKING OF PLASTICS B29C - SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS
B29C64/106 - using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
B29C64/112 - using individual droplets, e.g. from jetting heads
B29C64/118 - using filamentary material being melted, e.g. fused deposition modelling [FDM]
B29C64/165 - using a combination of solid and fluid materials, e.g. a powder selectively bound by a liquid binder, catalyst, inhibitor or energy absorber

B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B29 - WORKING OF PLASTICS B29K - INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR {MOULDS, } REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
B29K2101/00 - Use of unspecified macromolecular compounds as moulding material {

B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B29 - WORKING OF PLASTICS B29L - INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
B29L2009/00 - Layered products

B - PERFORMING OPERATIONS B33 - ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY B33Y - ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
B33Y10/00 - Processes of additive manufacturing
B33Y80/00 - Products made by additive manufacturing

C - CHEMISTRY C09 - DYES C09D - COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS
C09D163/00 - Coating compositions based on epoxy resins

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DOE Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

Resource Type:: Patent

Resource Relation:: Patent File Date: 2014 Apr 14

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Kunc, Vlastimil, Rios, Orlando, Love, Lonnie J., Duty, Chad E., and Johs, Alexander. Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
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                    Kunc, Vlastimil, Rios, Orlando, Love, Lonnie J., Duty, Chad E., & Johs, Alexander. Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing.  United States.

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                    Kunc, Vlastimil, Rios, Orlando, Love, Lonnie J., Duty, Chad E., and Johs, Alexander. Tue .  
        "Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing".  United States.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1357550.

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@article{osti_1357550,

  title        = {Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing},

  author       = {Kunc, Vlastimil and Rios, Orlando and Love, Lonnie J. and Duty, Chad E. and Johs, Alexander},

  abstractNote = {Methods and compositions for additive manufacturing that include reactive or thermosetting polymers, such as urethanes and epoxies. The polymers are melted, partially cross-linked prior to the depositing, deposited to form a component object, solidified, and fully cross-linked. These polymers form networks of chemical bonds that span the deposited layers. Application of a directional electromagnetic field can be applied to aromatic polymers after deposition to align the polymers for improved bonding between the deposited layers.},

  doi          = {},

  journal      = {},
number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2017},

  month        = {5}

}

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Wescott, Andrew; Moreland, Benjamin; Sidhu, Jagjit
US Patent Application 13/148879; 20110305590
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20110305590

Printing Method For Producing Thermomagnetic Form Bodies For Heat Exchangers
patent-application, February 2012

Seeler, Fabian; Degen, Georg; Reesink, Bennie
US Patent Application 13/259882; 20120033002
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120033002

Method For Molding Chocolate From Three Dimensional Images
patent-application, April 2012

Begun, Brian
US Patent Application 13/269337; 20120088023
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120088023

Automated Processes for the Production of Polyurethane Wind Turbine Blades
patent-application, June 2012

Pyles, Robert A.; Matsco, Joel
US Patent Application 13/392967; 20120159785
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120159785

Voice Coil Mechanism For Use In Additive Manufacturing System
patent-application, June 2012

Swanson, William J.; Batchelder, J. Samuel; Johnson, Kevin C.
US Patent Application 12/976176; 20120161350
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120161350

Print Head for Use in Fused Deposition Modeling System
patent-application, June 2012

Swanson, William J.; Batchelder, J. Samuel; Johnson, Kevin C.
US Patent Application 12/976204; 20120162305
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120162305

Print Head Assembly and Print Head for Use in Fused Deposition Modeling System
patent-application, June 2012

Swanson, William J.; Batchelder, J. Samuel; Johnson, Kevin C.
US Patent Application 13/332530; 20120164256
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120164256

Method Of Using Print Head Assembly In Fused Deposition Modeling System
patent-application, June 2012

Swanson, William J.; Batchelder, J. Samuel; Johnson, Kevin C.
US Patent Application 12/976152; 20120164330
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120164330

Three-Dimensional Printer
patent-application, August 2012

Hartmann, Anders Ornsholt; Tjellesen, Frederik Walsted
US Patent Application 13/501138; 20120201960
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120201960

Method And Device For Producing A Component
patent-application, August 2012

Bayer, Erwin; Hiller, Sven-J.; Dusel, Karl-Heinz
US Patent Application 13/505016; 20120219726
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120219726

Functional Materials with Controllable Viscosity
patent-application, November 2012

Hilf, Stefan; Schmidt, Friedrich Georg; Hennig, Andre
US Patent Application 13/519169; 20120289657
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20120289657

Device And Method For Producing Three-Dimensional Models
patent-application, January 2013

Hartmann, Andreas
US Patent Application 13/634099; 20130000549
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130000549

Robotic Fabricator
patent-application, January 2013

Mozeika, Annan; Adler, Aaron; Yaman-Sirin, Fusun
US Patent Application 13/530664; 20130015596
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130015596

Apparatus and Method for Producing a Three-Dimensional Food Product
patent-application, February 2013

von Hasseln, Kyle William
US Patent Application 13/196859; 20130034633
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130034633

Modular Fabrication Systems And Methods
patent-application, April 2013

Lipson, Hod; Lipton, Jeffrey
US Patent Application 13/542114; 20130089642
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130089642

Additive Manufacturing In Situ Stress Relief
patent-application, April 2013

Keremes, John J.; Haynes, Jeffrey D.; Gao, Youping
US Patent Application 13/362425; 20130101728
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130101728

Real Time Cap Flattening During Heat Treat
patent-application, April 2013

Keremes, John J.; Haynes, Jeffrey D.; Gao, Youping
US Patent Application 13/362470; 20130101729
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130101729

High Value Lignin Derivatives, Polymers, And Copolymers And Use Thereof In Thermoplastic, Thermoset, Composite, And Carbon Fiber Applications
patent-application, October 2013

Argyropoulos, Dimitris S.
US Patent Application 13/771653; 20130255216
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20130255216

Devices, Systems, And Methods For The Fabrication Of Tissue Utilizing UV Cross-Linking
patent-application, April 2014

Murphy, Keith; Dorfman, Scott; Law, Richard
US Patent Application 13/794368; 20140093932
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20140093932

Systems and Methods for Manufacturing Fiber-Reinforced Polymeric Components
patent-application, June 2015

Butcher, Evan; Twelves, Wendell; Schirtzinger, Gary
US Patent Application 14/559012; 20150165666
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20150165666

Large Scale Room Temperature Polymer Advanced Manufacturing
patent-application, July 2015

Duty, Chad E.; Kunc, Vlastimil; Love, Lonnie J.
US Patent Application 14/143989; 20150183159
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20150183159

Rapid Electro-Magnetic Heating of Nozzle in Polymer Extrusion Based Deposition for Additive Manufacturing
patent-application, July 2015

Duty, Chad E.; Kunc, Vlastimil; Love, Lonnie J.
US Patent Application 14/143934; 20150183164
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20150183164

Magnetically Controlled Casting Process for Multistructural Materials
patent-application, June 2016

Kisailus, David; Weaver, James; Milliron, Garrett
US Patent Application 13/767699; 20160151939
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20160151939

Microbial formation of lanthanide-substituted magnetites by Thermoanaerobacter sp. TOR-39
journal, August 2007

Moon, Ji-Won; Roh, Yul; Yeary, Lucas W.
Extremophiles, Vol. 11, Issue 6, p. 859-867
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00792-007-0102-1

A novel technique to produce metallic microdrops for additive manufacturing
journal, October 2013

Vega, E. J.; Cabezas, M. G.; Muñoz-Sánchez, B. N.
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 70, Issue 5-8, p. 1395-1402
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-013-5357-3

Works referencing / citing this record:

Rapid Non-Contact Energy Transfer for Additive Manufacturing Driven High Intensity Electromagnetic Fields
patent-application, July 2015

Duty, Chad E.; Kunc, Vlastimil; Love, Lonnie J.
US Patent Application 14/143971; 20150183138
URL: https://image-ppubs.uspto.gov/dirsearch-public/print/downloadPdf/20150183138

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Similar Records

Title: Reactive polymer fused deposition manufacturing

Abstract

Citation Formats

Low cost, thermally efficient diffusion pump patent, August 1978

Induction heating of loaded materials patent, January 1995

Solid freeform fabrication methods patent, April 1998

Laser production of articles from powders patent, November 1998

Method and system for producing complex-shape objects patent, April 2000

Apparatus and methods for monitoring and controlling multi-layer laser cladding patent, September 2000

Process and apparatus for creating a colorful three-dimensional object patent, October 2000

Energetic additive manufacturing process with feed wire patent, November 2000

Rapid manufacturing system for metal, metal matrix composite materials and ceramics patent, November 2000

3-D color model making apparatus and process patent, December 2000

Apparatus and process for freeform fabrication of composite reinforcement preforms patent, April 2001

Method for molding composite structural plastic and objects molded thereby patent, February 2002

Layer manufacturing using electrostatic imaging and lamination patent, April 2002

Layer manufacturing using deposition of fused droplets patent, June 2002

Method for freeforming objects with low-binder slurry patent, June 2002

Rapid prototyping and tooling system patent, June 2002

Production of overhang, undercut, and cavity structures using direct metal depostion patent, June 2002

Direct-metal-deposition (DMD) nozzle fault detection using temperature measurements patent, July 2002

Fabrication of laminate structures using direct metal deposition patent, October 2002

Selective deposition modeling material patent, November 2002

Nozzle particularly suited to direct metal deposition patent, March 2003

Method of forming objects from thermosensitive composition patent, November 2003

Direct write method for polarized materials patent, March 2004

Methods for fabricating a filament for use in tissue engineering patent, May 2004

Machine-readable code generation using direct metal deposition patent, September 2004

Method of manufacturing an item and apparatus for manufacturing an item patent, December 2004

Closed-loop, rapid manufacturing of three-dimensional components using direct metal deposition patent, August 2005

Nanotube fiber reinforced composite materials and method of producing fiber reinforced composites patent, August 2005

Selective deposition modeling build style providing enhanced dimensional accuracy patent, August 2005

Production of smart dies and molds using direct metal deposition patent, August 2005

System and method for controlling welding parameters in welding-based deposition processes patent, September 2005

System and method for controlling the size of the molten pool in laser-based additive manufacturing patent, February 2006

System and method for fabricating or repairing a part patent, March 2006

Powder delivery system and method patent, May 2006

Solid freeform fabrication system and method patent, July 2006

Method of fabricating composite tooling using closed-loop direct-metal deposition patent, November 2006

Tailoring residual stress and hardness during direct metal deposition patent, October 2007

Apparatus and methods for 3D printing patent, November 2007

Ion fusion formation process including precise heat input and temperature control patent, November 2007

Solid imaging apparatus and method patent, November 2009

Modular fabrication systems and methods patent, December 2009

Method for controlling the microstructure of a laser metal formed hard layer patent, April 2010

Gas shielding structure for use in solid free form fabrication systems patent, June 2010

Direct metal deposition apparatus utilizing rapid-response diode laser source patent, July 2010

Cutting die and method of forming patent, November 2010

Method of making a wiper for a sealing labyrinth, and a thermomechanical part and a turbomachine including such a wiper patent, November 2010

Build materials containing nanofibers for use with extrusion-based layered depositions systems patent, March 2011

Modular fabrication systems and methods patent, May 2011

Asymmetric incremental sheet forming system patent, July 2011

Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition patent, November 2011

Direct write and additive manufacturing processes patent, May 2012

Method of manufacturing co-molded inserts patent, February 2013

Print head assembly for use in fused deposition modeling system patent, April 2013

Materials and method for three-dimensional modeling patent-application, February 2002

Layer-additive method and apparatus for freeform fabrication of 3-D objects patent-application, May 2002

Direct metal deposition apparatus utilizing rapid-response diode laser source patent-application, May 2002

Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition patent-application, August 2002

Droplet deposition method for rapid formation of 3-D objects from non-cross-linking reactive polymers patent-application, August 2002

Freeform fabrication method using extrusion of non-cross-linking reactive prepolymers patent-application, August 2002

Fabrication of customized, composite, and alloy-variant components using closed-loop direct metal deposition patent-application, October 2002

Layer manufacturing of a multi-material or multi-color 3-D object using electrostatic imaging and lamination patent-application, October 2002

Fabrication of laminate tooling using closed-loop direct metal deposition patent-application, November 2002

Controlled local/global and micro/macro-porous 3D plastic, polymer and ceramic/cement composite scaffold fabrication and applications thereof patent-application, January 2003

Selective deposition modeling with curable phase change materials patent-application, May 2003

Method of apparatus for ensuring uniform build quality during object consolidation patent-application, April 2004

Method and apparatus for direct-write of functional materials with a controlled orientation patent-application, August 2004

Polymer systems with reactive and fusible properties for solid freeform fabrication patent-application, April 2005

Apparatus and process for producing a three-dimensional shaped body patent-application, June 2005

Fabrication of customized, composite, and alloy-variant components using closed-loop direct metal deposition patent-application, June 2005

Methods and apparatus for 3D printing patent-application, December 2005

Direct write and freeform fabrication apparatus and method patent-application, December 2005

Direct manufacturing using thermoplastic and thermoset patent-application, February 2007

Production of three-dimensional objects by use of electromagnetic radiation patent-application, October 2007

Apparatus and Methods for 3D Printing patent-application, February 2008

Non-Contact High-Frequency Induction Heating Apparatus for Plastic Mold and Injection Nozzle Thereof patent-application, January 2009

Ion Fusion Formation Process For Large Scale Three-Dimensional Fabrication patent-application, January 2009

Methods For Preparing Freeform Three-Dimensional Structures patent-application, April 2009

Low cost, thermally efficient diffusion pump
patent, August 1978

Induction heating of loaded materials
patent, January 1995

Solid freeform fabrication methods
patent, April 1998

Laser production of articles from powders
patent, November 1998

Method and system for producing complex-shape objects
patent, April 2000

Apparatus and methods for monitoring and controlling multi-layer laser cladding
patent, September 2000

Process and apparatus for creating a colorful three-dimensional object
patent, October 2000

Energetic additive manufacturing process with feed wire
patent, November 2000

Rapid manufacturing system for metal, metal matrix composite materials and ceramics
patent, November 2000

3-D color model making apparatus and process
patent, December 2000

Apparatus and process for freeform fabrication of composite reinforcement preforms
patent, April 2001

Method for molding composite structural plastic and objects molded thereby
patent, February 2002

Layer manufacturing using electrostatic imaging and lamination
patent, April 2002

Layer manufacturing using deposition of fused droplets
patent, June 2002

Method for freeforming objects with low-binder slurry
patent, June 2002

Rapid prototyping and tooling system
patent, June 2002

Production of overhang, undercut, and cavity structures using direct metal depostion
patent, June 2002

Direct-metal-deposition (DMD) nozzle fault detection using temperature measurements
patent, July 2002

Fabrication of laminate structures using direct metal deposition
patent, October 2002

Selective deposition modeling material
patent, November 2002

Nozzle particularly suited to direct metal deposition
patent, March 2003

Method of forming objects from thermosensitive composition
patent, November 2003

Direct write method for polarized materials
patent, March 2004

Methods for fabricating a filament for use in tissue engineering
patent, May 2004

Machine-readable code generation using direct metal deposition
patent, September 2004

Method of manufacturing an item and apparatus for manufacturing an item
patent, December 2004

Closed-loop, rapid manufacturing of three-dimensional components using direct metal deposition
patent, August 2005

Nanotube fiber reinforced composite materials and method of producing fiber reinforced composites
patent, August 2005

Selective deposition modeling build style providing enhanced dimensional accuracy
patent, August 2005

Production of smart dies and molds using direct metal deposition
patent, August 2005

System and method for controlling welding parameters in welding-based deposition processes
patent, September 2005

System and method for controlling the size of the molten pool in laser-based additive manufacturing
patent, February 2006

System and method for fabricating or repairing a part
patent, March 2006

Powder delivery system and method
patent, May 2006

Solid freeform fabrication system and method
patent, July 2006

Method of fabricating composite tooling using closed-loop direct-metal deposition
patent, November 2006

Tailoring residual stress and hardness during direct metal deposition
patent, October 2007

Apparatus and methods for 3D printing
patent, November 2007

Ion fusion formation process including precise heat input and temperature control
patent, November 2007

Solid imaging apparatus and method
patent, November 2009

Modular fabrication systems and methods
patent, December 2009

Method for controlling the microstructure of a laser metal formed hard layer
patent, April 2010

Gas shielding structure for use in solid free form fabrication systems
patent, June 2010

Direct metal deposition apparatus utilizing rapid-response diode laser source
patent, July 2010

Cutting die and method of forming
patent, November 2010

Method of making a wiper for a sealing labyrinth, and a thermomechanical part and a turbomachine including such a wiper
patent, November 2010

Build materials containing nanofibers for use with extrusion-based layered depositions systems
patent, March 2011

Modular fabrication systems and methods
patent, May 2011

Asymmetric incremental sheet forming system
patent, July 2011

Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition
patent, November 2011

Direct write and additive manufacturing processes
patent, May 2012

Method of manufacturing co-molded inserts
patent, February 2013

Print head assembly for use in fused deposition modeling system
patent, April 2013

Materials and method for three-dimensional modeling
patent-application, February 2002

Layer-additive method and apparatus for freeform fabrication of 3-D objects
patent-application, May 2002

Direct metal deposition apparatus utilizing rapid-response diode laser source
patent-application, May 2002

Fabrication of alloy variant structures using direct metal deposition
patent-application, August 2002

Droplet deposition method for rapid formation of 3-D objects from non-cross-linking reactive polymers
patent-application, August 2002

Freeform fabrication method using extrusion of non-cross-linking reactive prepolymers
patent-application, August 2002

Fabrication of customized, composite, and alloy-variant components using closed-loop direct metal deposition
patent-application, October 2002

Layer manufacturing of a multi-material or multi-color 3-D object using electrostatic imaging and lamination
patent-application, October 2002

Fabrication of laminate tooling using closed-loop direct metal deposition
patent-application, November 2002

Controlled local/global and micro/macro-porous 3D plastic, polymer and ceramic/cement composite scaffold fabrication and applications thereof
patent-application, January 2003

Selective deposition modeling with curable phase change materials
patent-application, May 2003

Method of apparatus for ensuring uniform build quality during object consolidation
patent-application, April 2004

Method and apparatus for direct-write of functional materials with a controlled orientation
patent-application, August 2004

Polymer systems with reactive and fusible properties for solid freeform fabrication
patent-application, April 2005

Apparatus and process for producing a three-dimensional shaped body
patent-application, June 2005

Fabrication of customized, composite, and alloy-variant components using closed-loop direct metal deposition
patent-application, June 2005

Methods and apparatus for 3D printing
patent-application, December 2005

Direct write and freeform fabrication apparatus and method
patent-application, December 2005

Direct manufacturing using thermoplastic and thermoset
patent-application, February 2007

Production of three-dimensional objects by use of electromagnetic radiation
patent-application, October 2007

Apparatus and Methods for 3D Printing
patent-application, February 2008

Non-Contact High-Frequency Induction Heating Apparatus for Plastic Mold and Injection Nozzle Thereof
patent-application, January 2009

Ion Fusion Formation Process For Large Scale Three-Dimensional Fabrication
patent-application, January 2009

Methods For Preparing Freeform Three-Dimensional Structures
patent-application, April 2009

Oriented Nanofibers Embedded in a Polymer Matrix
patent-application, April 2009

Solid state additive manufacturing system
patent-application, August 2009

Manufacturing Method of Three-Dimensionally Shaped Object
patent-application, February 2010