A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*

C. J. Hahn,; S. G. Warren,

doi:10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e

Title: A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*

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Abstract

Surface synoptic weather reports from ships and land stations worldwide were processed to produce a global cloud climatology which includes: total cloud cover, the amount and frequency of occurrence of nine cloud types within three levels of the troposphere, the frequency of occurrence of clear sky and of precipitation, the base heights of low clouds, and the non-overlapped amounts of middle and high clouds. Synoptic weather reports are made every three hours; the cloud information in a report is obtained visually by human observers. The reports used here cover the period 1971-96 for land and 1954-2008 for ocean. This digital archive provides multi-year monthly, seasonal, and annual averages in 5x5-degree grid boxes (or 10x10-degree boxes for some quantities over the ocean). Daytime and nighttime averages, as well as the diurnal average (average of day and night), are given. Nighttime averages were computed using only those reports that met an "illuminance criterion" (i.e., made under adequate moonlight or twilight), thus minimizing the "night-detection bias" and making possible the determination of diurnal cycles and nighttime trends for cloud types. The phase and amplitude of the first harmonic of both the diurnal cycle and the annual cycle are given for the various cloudmore »« less

Authors:

C. J. Hahn,; S. G. Warren,

University of Arizona, Department of Atmospheric Sciences; OSTI
Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington

Publication Date:: Sat Dec 01 04:00:00 UTC 2007

Other Number(s):: doi:10.3334/CDIAC/CLI.NDP026E; cdiac:doi 10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026.e

Research Org.:: Environmental System Science Data Infrastructure for a Virtual Ecosystem

Sponsoring Org.:: U.S. DOE > Office of Science (SC) > Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Subject:: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; Clear Sky; Climatology; Clouds; NDP-026E; Precipitation; Troposphere; University of Washington; base heights of low clouds; clear sky and precipitation frequency; nine cloud types; non-overlapped amounts of middle and high clouds; total cloud cover

OSTI Identifier:: 1394933

DOI:: https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e

Citation Formats


                    C. J. Hahn, and S. G. Warren. A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*.  United States: N. p., 2007. 
        Web.  doi:10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e.

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                    C. J. Hahn, & S. G. Warren. A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*.  United States.  doi:https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e

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                    C. J. Hahn, and S. G. Warren. 2007.  
"A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*".  United States.  doi:https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1394933. Pub date:Sat Dec 01 04:00:00 UTC 2007

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@article{osti_1394933,

  title        = {A Gridded Climatology of Clouds over Land (1971-1996) and Ocean (1954-2008) from Surface Observations Worldwide (NDP-026E)*},

  author       = {C. J. Hahn and S. G. Warren},

  abstractNote = {Surface synoptic weather reports from ships and land stations worldwide were processed to produce a global cloud climatology which includes: total cloud cover, the amount and frequency of occurrence of nine cloud types within three levels of the troposphere, the frequency of occurrence of clear sky and of precipitation, the base heights of low clouds, and the non-overlapped amounts of middle and high clouds. Synoptic weather reports are made every three hours; the cloud information in a report is obtained visually by human observers. The reports used here cover the period 1971-96 for land and 1954-2008 for ocean. This digital archive provides multi-year monthly, seasonal, and annual averages in 5x5-degree grid boxes (or 10x10-degree boxes for some quantities over the ocean). Daytime and nighttime averages, as well as the diurnal average (average of day and night), are given. Nighttime averages were computed using only those reports that met an "illuminance criterion" (i.e., made under adequate moonlight or twilight), thus minimizing the "night-detection bias" and making possible the determination of diurnal cycles and nighttime trends for cloud types. The phase and amplitude of the first harmonic of both the diurnal cycle and the annual cycle are given for the various cloud types. Cloud averages for individual years are also given for the ocean for each of 4 seasons, and for each of the 12 months (daytime-only averages for the months). [Individual years for land are not gridded, but are given for individual stations in a companion data set, CDIAC's NDP-026D).] This analysis used 185 million reports from 5388 weather stations on continents and islands, and 50 million reports from ships; these reports passed a series of quality-control checks. This analysis updates (and in most ways supercedes) the previous cloud climatology constructed by the authors in the 1980s. Many of the long-term averages described here are mapped on the University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences Web site. The Online Cloud Atlas containing NDP-026E data is available via the University of Washington.For access to the data files, click this link to the CDIAC data transition website: http://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp026e/ndp026e.html},

  doi          = {10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e},

  journal      = {},

  number       = ,

  volume       = ,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Sat Dec 01 04:00:00 UTC 2007},

  month        = {Sat Dec 01 04:00:00 UTC 2007}

}

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3334/CDIAC/cli.ndp026e

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Cloud Climatology for Land Stations Worldwide, 1971-2009 (NDP-026D)

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Surface synoptic weather reports for the entire globe for the 10-year period from December 1981 through November 1991 have been processed, edited, and rewritten to provide a data set designed for use in cloud analyses. The information in these reports relating to clouds, including the present weather information, was extracted and put through a series of quality control checks. Reports not meeting certain quality control standards were rejected, as were reports from buoys and automatic weather stations. Correctable inconsistencies within reports were edited for consistency, so that the "edited cloud report" can be used for cloud analysis without further qualitymore »« less
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