Industrial water reuse -- A changing perspective
Book
·
OSTI ID:99316
Industrial water reuse has historically been dictated by several factors: cost of raw water; process water quality requirements; cost of wastewater treatment for disposal. In recent years, waste minimization practices have substantially reduced water use. The key elements of this are presented. In past years, when effluent limitations related primarily to BOD and TSS, wastewater treatment costs were frequently not a significant factor. In recent years, with increasingly stringent effluent limitations, this situation has changed. The cost of wastewater treatment relative to increasing effluent quality requirements is discussed. As effluent treatment costs increase, water conservation and reuse becomes increasingly more attractive. Several examples are cited involving raw waste load reduction and water reuse. In many cases, load and flow reduction are achieved by in-plant process changes. In these cases, in-plant costs must be traded off against reduced wastewater treatment costs. Historically, waste load reduction and water reuse has been driven solely by economics. In recent years, however, stringent effluent requirements and new environmental regulations have forced process changes, water reuse and in some cases, zero discharge.
- OSTI ID:
- 99316
- Report Number(s):
- CONF-9401118--
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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