Stabilization of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel electrodes for lithium batteries.
Despite the structural and thermal stability of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} compared with LiCoO{sub 2} and LiNiO{sub 2} electrodes, the solubility of LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} spinel electrodes has precluded their widespread use in commercial lithium-ion cells. The solubility problem has been attributed to attack of the spinel particles by acidic species in the electrolyte, such as HF, which induces a isproportionation reaction at the particle surface: 2 Mn{sup 3+}(solid) {yields} Mn{sup 4+}(solid) + Mn{sup 2+}(solution). Many efforts have been made to minimize the solubility of the spinel electrode, for example, by substituting mono-, di- or trivalent cations for some of the manganese ions to decrease the concentration of Mn{sup 3+} ions in the initial LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} electrode. In this respect, we have recently highlighted the important role that the tetrahedral A-site plays in stabilizing spinel electrodes. In other efforts to suppress manganese dissolution, techniques to coat the spinel particles with a lithium borate glass, LiCoO{sub 2} or ZrO{sub 2} have been used. In this presentation, we will compare the electrochemical and structural properties of several substituted spinels, Li{sub 1.05}M{sub 0.05}Mn{sub 1.9}O{sub 4}, with a particular emphasis on M = Al and Ni, the X-ray diffraction patterns. The enhanced electrochemical stability of substituted spinel electrodes will also be compared with the stability that can be obtained from coated spinel electrodes,notably LiMn{sub 2}O{sub 4} electrodes that are protected with ZrO{sub 2} and Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} coatings.
- Research Organization:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Organization:
- EE; USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- DOE Contract Number:
- DE-AC02-06CH11357
- OSTI ID:
- 982315
- Report Number(s):
- ANL/CMT/CP-112348; TRN: US201013%%993
- Resource Relation:
- Conference: 204th Meeting of the Electrochemical Society; Oct. 12, 2003 - Oct. 17, 2003; Orlando, FL
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- ENGLISH
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