Costs of radium removal from potable water supplies. Final report
Technical Report
·
OSTI ID:7214531
This report presents the results of an analysis of existing data from various sources on the removal of radium from potable water supplies by lime-soda softening, ion exchange, and reverse osmosis treatment methods. Removal efficiency models are used to estimate the capital and annual operating and maintenance costs for each water treatment process over a wide range of raw water quality, raw water radium, and population conditions. The radiological consequences of common methods of waste sludge and brine disposal are discussed and waste volumes and activity levels of radium in waste streams are estimated. The costs of ultimate disposal of the waste streams produced by each process are estimated over the same raw water quality and population ranges used to determine treatment costs. This report is intended as a guide for planners and water utility personnel in areas where the radium activity of potable water sources exceeds the limits set by EPA Drinking Water Regulations.
- Research Organization:
- Florida Univ., Gainesville (USA). Dept. of Environmental Engineering
- OSTI ID:
- 7214531
- Report Number(s):
- PB-266950
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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