Supercritical fluid extraction of N-nitrosamines
The detailed chemistry of N-nitrosamines including the mechanism of carcinogenicity, modes of formation, inhibition and destruction are discussed in detail. The occurrence and risk assessment of human exposure of these suspect cancer agents is described. The methods of isolation and analysis of N-nitrosamines are critically discussed with emphasis on Gas Chromatography (GC)-Electrochemical Detectors, GC-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (GC-HRMS), GC-Thermal Energy Analyser (GC-TEA). The theoretical concepts of supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) are discussed. A comparison of physical and chemical properties of supercritical fluids (SF) with other phases is given. A comparison of static, dynamic, recirculating SFEs shows the versatility of this technique. The advantages over conventional methods such as Soxhlet extraction are discussed. The instrumentation and operational technique of a laboratory built supercritical fluid extractor is explained. A brief review of applications (industrial and analytical) of SFE is given. The evaluation of SFE for analytical sample preparation and analyses of volatile N-nitrosamines (VNAs), tobacco specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs), and N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) from spiked matrices, tobacco and cutting fluids is presented. Experimental parameters such as pressure, temperature, equilibration time, collector materials, modifier are evaluated to optimize the recoveries. The extracts are analysed by GC-TEA which is already proven to be highly selective and sensitive to quantitation of N-nitrosamines. The extraction of VNAs in pure SF-CO[sub 2] is quantitative at moderate pressures and low temperatures. For the extraction of TSNAs and NDELA, it is imperative to have high pressures and presence of an additive ([approximately]10% methanol) to achieve satisfactory results. This study offers a simple, rapid, accurate and environmentally advantageous sample preparation technique for the estimation of N-nitrosamines at nanogram levels.
- Research Organization:
- New York Univ., NY (United States)
- OSTI ID:
- 7114421
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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