Effects of exercise on dose and dose distribution of inhaled automotive pollutants. Research report, Jun 84-Oct 90
The study evaluated how changes in ventilation rate and the entry route of air pollutants into the respiratory tract (nose versus mouth breathing) affect the respiratory tract uptake and penetration of inhaled gaseous and particle pollutants in automobile emissions. Beagle dogs were exposed at rest or while exercising to nitrogen dioxide (1 and 5 ppm), formaldehyde (2 and 10 ppm), and an aerosol of ammonium nitrate particles (0.3 micro MMAD at 1 mg/m). Total respiratory system uptake and effects on breath time expired tidal volume, fractional expiration time, minute ventilation, respiratory gas exchange, ventilation equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide, and dynamic pulmonary resistance and compliance were measured. Regional penetration of pollutants through oral and nasal airways and pollutant uptake in the lung were measured in a separate group of six tracheostomized dogs. Dogs exposed to 5 ppm nitrogen at rest tended to breathe more rapidly and more shallowly than dogs exposed to purified air. Rapid-shallow breathing was not observed when the dogs were exposed during exercise to 5 ppm nitrogen dioxide. Dogs exposed to a mixture of 10 ppm formaldehyde and 1 mg/m 3 ammonium nitrate particles during exercise showed a shift to larger tidal volume breathing. The total respiratory system uptake of formaldehyde in the mixture was larger than that measured for 10 ppm of formaldehyde alone in another exercise and exposure study. In tracheostomized dogs exposed at rest, formaldehyde was rapidly removed from inspired air by the upper airways and penetrated to the trachea, whether breathing was by nose or mouth. Nitrogen dioxide penetrated the upper airways more readily. For both gases, penetration was greater during mouth breathing than during nose breathing, and penetration increased with increased ventilation.
- Research Organization:
- California Univ., Irvine, CA (United States). Dept. of Community and Environmental Medicine
- OSTI ID:
- 7044737
- Report Number(s):
- PB-92-191287/XAB; CNN: RFA-83-3
- Resource Relation:
- Other Information: Sponsored by Health Effects Inst., Cambridge, MA
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
AMMONIUM NITRATES
TOXICITY
AUTOMOBILES
EXHAUST GASES
FORMALDEHYDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
AIR POLLUTION
BEAGLES
DYNAMIC FUNCTION STUDIES
EXERCISE
INHALATION
METABOLISM
RESPIRATION
ALDEHYDES
AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
ANIMALS
CHALCOGENIDES
DOGS
FLUIDS
GASEOUS WASTES
GASES
INTAKE
MAMMALS
NITRATES
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
NITROGEN OXIDES
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
OXIDES
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
POLLUTION
VEHICLES
VERTEBRATES
WASTES
560300* - Chemicals Metabolism & Toxicology