Life-cycle energy analyses of electric vehicle storage batteries. Final report

Technical Report · Mon Dec 01 04:00:00 EST 1980

DOI:https://doi.org/10.2172/6655795· OSTI ID:6655795

Sullivan, D; Morse, T; Patel, P; Patel, S; Bondar, J; Taylor, L

The results of several life-cycle energy analyses of prospective electric vehicle batteries are presented. The batteries analyzed were: Nickel-zinc; Lead-acid; Nickel-iron; Zinc-chlorine; Sodium-sulfur (glass electrolyte); Sodium-sulfur (ceramic electrolyte); Lithium-metal sulfide; and Aluminum-air. A life-cycle energy analysis consists of evaluating the energy use of all phases of the battery's life, including the energy to build it, operate it, and any credits that may result from recycling of the materials in it. The analysis is based on the determination of three major energy components in the battery life cycle: Investment energy, i.e., The energy used to produce raw materials and to manufacture the battery; operational energy i.e., The energy consumed by the battery during its operational life. In the case of an electric vehicle battery, this energy is the energy required (as delivered to the vehicle's charging circuit) to power the vehicle for 100,000 miles; and recycling credit, i.e., The energy that could be saved from the recycling of battery materials into new raw materials. The value of the life-cycle analysis approach is that it includes the various penalties and credits associated with battery production and recycling, which enables a more accurate determination of the system's ability to reduce the consumption of scarce fuels. The analysis of the life-cycle energy requirements consists of identifying the materials from which each battery is made, evaluating the energy needed to produce these materials, evaluating the operational energy requirements, and evaluating the amount of materials that could be recycled and the energy that would be saved through recycling. Detailed descriptions of battery component materials, the energy requirements for battery production, and credits for recycling, and the operational energy for an electric vehicle, and the procedures used to determine it are discussed.

• Research Organization: Hittman Associates, Inc., Columbia, MD (USA)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE
• DOE Contract Number: AC02-79ET25420
• OSTI ID: 6655795
• Report Number(s): DOE/ET/25420-T1
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
250900 -- Energy Storage-- Batteries
33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS
330300* -- Advanced Propulsion Systems-- Electric-Powered Systems
COST
DEMAND
DESIGN
ELECTRIC BATTERIES
ELECTRIC-POWERED VEHICLES
ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS
ENERGY ANALYSIS
ENERGY DEMAND
FABRICATION
IRON-NICKEL BATTERIES
LEAD-ACID BATTERIES
LIFE-CYCLE COST
MANAGEMENT
MATERIALS RECOVERY
METAL-GAS BATTERIES
METAL-METAL BATTERIES
METAL-METAL OXIDE BATTERIES
METAL-NONMETAL BATTERIES
NICKEL-ZINC BATTERIES
OPERATION
PROCESSING
RECOVERY
RECYCLING
SODIUM-SULFUR BATTERIES
VEHICLES
WASTE MANAGEMENT
WASTE PROCESSING