Strain softening prior to two-dimensional strike slip earthquakes
A model for two-dimensional strike slip faulting in which the fault friction is displacement softening is analyzed to estimate preearthquake crustal deformation and conditions for an earthquake instability. The friction law is initially displacement hardening but becomes softening after the peak stress is surpassed. The peak stress increases with depth to a maximum before decreasing again. The material surrounding the fault is represented by elastic plates. Several deformation histories are calculated by solving numerically the quasi-static, nonlinear problem subject to displacement boundary conditions simulating relative plate motion. When the crust is compliant or the fault is rapidly softening, an inertia-limited instability results. Prior to the instability the point of maximum fault slip rate moves upward toward the greatest peak stress position. The slip causes a rapid increase in shear strain rate at the free surface near the fault trace. Although fault slip is monotonic, the average fault stress reaches a maximum and then decreases before the instability. When instability is not possible, a similar but smoother deformation episode results. Qualitative extrapolation of the computed results suggests that crustal earthquakes may be preceded by accelerating fault slip near the focus, particularly below, and that the enhanced slip rate may cause recognizable strain and tilt anomalies at the free surface.
- Research Organization:
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California 94025
- OSTI ID:
- 6178869
- Journal Information:
- J. Geophys. Res.; (United States), Vol. 84:B3
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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