Review of chlorinated phenols
The chlorinated phenols are a group of 19 isomers composed of phenol with substituted chlorines. These chemicals are readily soluble in organic solvents but only slightly soluble in water, except for the chlorophenate salts. Chlorophenols with less than 3 chlorines are not used extensively except in the production of higher chlorophenols and chlorophenyloxyacetic acid herbicides. Pentachlorophenol and some tetrachlorophenols are used worldwide, primarily as wood preservatives or fungicides. Residues of chlorophenols have been found worldwide in soil, water and air samples, in food products, and in human and animal tissues and body fluids. Environmental contamination with these chemicals occurs from industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, breakdown of chlorophenyloxyacetic acid herbicides and hexachlorobenzene, and from spontaneous formation following chlorination of water for disinfection and deodorization. The acute toxicity of these chemicals is relatively low and little is known concerning their chronic effects. Chlorophenols have not been shown conclusively to be mutagens, teratogens or carcinogens. However, these compounds may act as promotors or cocarcinogens and the immune system is particularly sensitive to their toxic effects. Transplacental exposure to chlorophenols may result in embryotoxicity and abortion. The major mode of toxic action is as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The toxicity of chlorophenols decreases with decreasing chlorination. These chemicals are mild hepatotoxins and are stored mainly in hepatic and renal tissues.
- Research Organization:
- Univ. of Idaho, Moscow
- OSTI ID:
- 5748631
- Journal Information:
- Vet. Hum. Toxicol.; (United States), Journal Name: Vet. Hum. Toxicol.; (United States) Vol. 26:6; ISSN VHTOD
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT.
AROMATICS
BIOCHEMICAL REACTION KINETICS
BODY
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHLORINATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
DOCUMENT TYPES
FUNGICIDES
GLANDS
HALOGENATED AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
HERBICIDES
HYDROXY COMPOUNDS
KIDNEYS
KINETICS
LIVER
ORGANIC CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
ORGANIC SOLVENTS
ORGANS
PESTICIDES
PHENOLS
PHOSPHORYLATION
REACTION KINETICS
REVIEWS
SOLVENTS
TOXICITY