An integrated exposure/pharmacokinetic based approach to the assessment of complex exposures. Lead: a case study
Journal Article
·
· Toxicology and Industrial Health; (United States)
- Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH (United States)
A problem in evaluating the hazard represented by an environmental toxicant is that exposures can occur via multiple media such as water, land, and air. Lead is one of the toxicants of concern that has been associated with adverse effects on heme metabolism, serum vitamin D levels, and the mental and physical development of infants and children exposed at very low environmental levels. Effects of lead on development are particularly disturbing in that the consequences of early delays or deficits in physical or mental development may have long-term consequences over the lifetime of affected individuals. Experimental and epidemiologic studies have indicated that blood lead levels in the range of 10-15 micrograms/dl, or possibly lower, are likely to produce subclinical toxicity. Since a discernible threshold has not been demonstrated, it is prudent to preclude development of a Reference Dose (RfD) for lead. As an alternate, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) has developed the uptake/biokinetic lead model that provides a means for evaluating the relative contribution of various media to establishing blood lead levels in children. This approach will allow for the identification of site- and situation-specific abatement strategies based on projected blood lead levels in vulnerable human populations exposed to lead in air, diet, water, soil/dust, and paint; thus making it possible to evaluate regulatory decisions concerning each medium on blood levels and potential health effects.35 references.
- OSTI ID:
- 5619268
- Journal Information:
- Toxicology and Industrial Health; (United States), Journal Name: Toxicology and Industrial Health; (United States) Vol. 7:4; ISSN TIHEE; ISSN 0748-2337
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
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Related Subjects
560300* -- Chemicals Metabolism & Toxicology
63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT.
AGE GROUPS
CHILDREN
ELEMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
LEAD
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE
METABOLISM
METALS
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
RISK ASSESSMENT
SAFETY STANDARDS
STANDARDS
TOXICITY
US EPA
US ORGANIZATIONS
63 RADIATION, THERMAL, AND OTHER ENVIRON. POLLUTANT EFFECTS ON LIVING ORGS. AND BIOL. MAT.
AGE GROUPS
CHILDREN
ELEMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE
LEAD
MATHEMATICAL MODELS
MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE
METABOLISM
METALS
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
RISK ASSESSMENT
SAFETY STANDARDS
STANDARDS
TOXICITY
US EPA
US ORGANIZATIONS