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Origin and transport of chloride in superheated geothermal steam

Journal Article · · Geothermics; (USA)
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4]
  1. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA (US)
  2. GEO Operator Corp., San Mateo, CA (USA)
  3. Orkustofnun Geothermal Div. Reykjavik (IE)
  4. Istituto Inter. per la Ricerche Geotermiche Pisa (IT)
+ Show Author Affiliations
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) is a known component of some volcanic gases and volcanic-related hydrothermal systems. It has recently been discovered in superheated steam in exploited geothermal systems, usually as a result of HCl-induced corrosion of well casing and steam gathering systems. Evaluation of four geothermal system which produce Cl-bearing steam provides evidence for the presence of Cl as HCl and the natural reservoir conditions which can produce HCl-bearing steam. Theoretical calculations defining the physical and chemical conditions of the reservoir liquid which can produce HCI-bearing steam are presented. The main factors are pH, temperature and Cl concentration. Lower pH, higher temperature and higher chlorinity allow more HCl to be volatized with steam. In order to reach the surface in steam, the HCl cannot contact liquid water in which it is more soluble, essentially limiting transport to superheated steam. Temperature, pH and Cl concentration of reservoir liquids in each of the geothermal systems evaluated combine differently to produce HCl-bearing steam.
OSTI ID:
5415650
Journal Information:
Geothermics; (USA), Journal Name: Geothermics; (USA) Vol. 18:1; ISSN GTMCA; ISSN 0375-6505
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

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Related Subjects

15 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
150902* -- Geothermal Engineering-- Fluid Transmission
150903 -- Geothermal Engineering-- Corrosion
Scaling & Materials Development
152001 -- Geothermal Data & Theory-- Properties of Aqueous Solutions
CALCULATION METHODS
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
CHLORIDES
CHLORINE COMPOUNDS
CORROSION
CORROSIVE EFFECTS
DATA
GEOTHERMAL SYSTEMS
HALIDES
HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
HEATING
HIGH TEMPERATURE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS
INFORMATION
INORGANIC ACIDS
NUMERICAL DATA
OXYGEN COMPOUNDS
PH VALUE
RESERVOIR ROCK
STEAM GENERATION
SUPERHEATING
THEORETICAL DATA
THERMODYNAMICS
WATER
WELL CASINGS