Lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels in market milk and infant formulas n Canada

Journal Article · · Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists; (USA)

OSTI ID:5242986

Dabeka, R W; McKenzie, A D ^[1]

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1. Bureau of Chemical Safety, Ottawa, Ontario (Canada)

Lead, cadmium, and fluoride were determined in 68 samples of market milk and about 115 infant formulas. Mean and median levels (ranges) in ng/g found for cow milk were as follows: lead, 1.12, 1.19 (0.01-2.48); cadmium, 0.10, 0.039 (0.005-0.74); and fluoride, 41, 40 (7-86). In canned, ready-to-use formulas, lead, cadmium, and fluoride levels averaged 37.3, 1.50, and 840 ng/g, respectively. In concentrated liquid formulas, the respective levels were 21, 3.54, and 600 ng/g. In powder formula concentrates, respective levels were 73.7, 6.78, and 1130 ng/g. On the basis of this study and literature data, lead levels in market milk exceeding 5 ng/g appeared to signify contamination of the milk either directly or via the cow. For formulas considered on an as-consumed basis, lead levels exceeding about 10-15 ng/g were attributed to contamination from either the can used to store the formula or the formula ingredients. Infant formulas in lead-free cans contained about 1.7 ng/g of lead on a ready-to-use basis. Milk-based formulas contained about 0.26 ng/g cadmium on a ready-to-use basis. Soy-based or milk-free formulas contained about 8-15 times more cadmium than did milk-based formulas. Canadian and US ready-to-use formulas contained 900 and 230 ng/g fluoride, respectively, and this difference was attributed to the level of fluoride in the processing water used by the manufactures.

• OSTI ID: 5242986
• Journal Information: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists; (USA), Journal Name: Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists; (USA) Vol. 70:4; ISSN 0004-5756; ISSN JANCA
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
400102* -- Chemical & Spectral Procedures
AGE GROUPS
ANIMALS
BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS
BODY FLUIDS
CADMIUM
CANADA
CATTLE
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
CHILDREN
CONTAMINATION
DIET
DOMESTIC ANIMALS
ELEMENTS
ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE PATHWAY
FLUORIDES
FLUORINE COMPOUNDS
FOOD
HALIDES
HALOGEN COMPOUNDS
INFANTS
LEAD
MAMMALS
MARKET
MATERIALS
METALS
MILK
NORTH AMERICA
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS
RUMINANTS
SURVEYS
USA
VERTEBRATES