Physics vs. Structure: A Systematic Benchmark of Learning Strategies for Multi-Zone Building Thermal Dynamics

Journal Article · Mon Jun 15 00:00:00 EDT 2026 · Energy and Buildings

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2026.117472· OSTI ID:3029725

Vasisht, Soumya S.; Faulkner, Cary A.; Michael, Elad; Tuor, Aaron R.; Drgona, Jan; Vrabie, Draguna L.

Recent advances in physics-informed and data-driven machine learning promise improved thermal models for advanced building control, yet there is limited quantitative evidence on when added physics structure and architectural complexity are beneficial. This work presents a systematic benchmark of five representative system identification methods for modeling multi-zone building thermal dynamics: linear state-space models, multi-layer perceptrons, neural state-space models, neural ordinary differential equations, and physically-consistent neural networks. The methods are evaluated across multiple data regimes and zone coupling strategies. Using a high-fidelity multi-zone commercial building emulator, we examine short-term and long-term prediction accuracy, computational efficiency, and ease of development. Our results reveal critical trade-offs between prediction performance, model complexity, and physical consistency. We demonstrate that decoupled, nonlinear black-box models consistently outperform coupled physics-constrained architectures in both predictive accuracy and out-of-distribution robustness in majority of the test cases for the building type considered in the study. Our findings quantify the cost of complexity in building thermal modeling and provide concrete, actionable, scenario-based guidelines for selecting model classes for control-oriented applications.

• Research Organization: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE
• Grant/Contract Number: AC05-76RL01830
• OSTI ID: 3029725
• Report Number(s): PNNL-SA-219934
• Journal Information: Energy and Buildings, Journal Name: Energy and Buildings Vol. 361
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English