pH-Driven Restructuring of Hydration Layers and Cation Ad-sorption at the Alumina-Water Interface

Dataset · Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 EST 2026

DOI:https://doi.org/10.17038/CSE/3025395· OSTI ID:3025395

Neumann, Julia; Kim, YoungJae; Wang, Xiaoyu; Harmon, Katherine J.; Carr, Amanda J.; Lützenkirchen, Johannes; Fenter, Paul; Lee, Sang Soo

Oxide-water interfaces underpin ion separation, catalysis, and electrochemical energy technologies, where the electrical double layer (EDL) controls adsorption, transport, and reactivity. Yet, the molecular-scale link between pH-dependent surface protonation, hydration-layer structure, and counter-ion adsorption remains poorly defined. Here, we combine in situ crystal truncation rod (CTR) and resonant anomalous X-ray reflectivity (RAXR) with streaming potential measurements and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to resolve the chemical and structural evolution of the EDL at the single-crystal alumina (012)-water interface in 10 mM Rb+ over pH 3-12. CTR measurements reveal two distinct adsorbed water layers at ~2.2 and ~3.5 Å above the surface that each shift toward the substrate at transition pHs near 6.5 and 10.6, respectively, directly reflecting changes in primary hydration layer structure in response to the deprotonation of bridging and terminal aluminol groups. RAXR shows a 10-fold increase in Rb+ coverage and a decrease in mean adsorption height from ~3.5 to ~2.7 Å with increasing pH, indicating enhanced counter-ion binding accompanied by Stern layer contraction. Streaming potential measurements demonstrate that the zeta potential, i.e., potential at the hydrodynamic shear plane, is positive at pH 3 and becomes negative at pH ≥3.5. This negative charge magnitude increases with increasing pH, consistent with progressive surface deprotonation at higher pH. AIMD identifies inner- and outer-sphere Rb+ complexes whose adsorption heights and coordination geometries depend sensitively on the protonation state of surface oxygens, providing atomistic support for the experimentally inferred trends. These measurements establish two discrete, site-specific pH transitions in hydration-layer structure that track aluminol (de)protonation and quantitatively link them to a pH-driven contraction of the Stern layer (increasing Rb+ coverage and decreasing adsorption height). This provides a direct structural basis for connecting surface acid-base chemistry to ion binding distances at an oxide-water interface.

• Research Organization: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL)
• Sponsoring Organization: US Department of Energy; USDOE Office of Science - Office of Basic Energy Sciences - Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division; Argonne National Laboratory - Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)
• DOE Contract Number: AC02-06CH11357
• OSTI ID: 3025395
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

Electrical double layer (EDL)
Surface protonation/deprotonation (pKa)
Aluminol groups
Stern layer
X-ray reflectivity (XR)
Ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD)
Zeta potential/Streaming potential