Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions

Seo, Hyodae; Sauvage, César; Renkl, Christoph; Lundquist, Julie K.; Kirincich, Anthony

doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw7603

Sea surface warming and ocean-to-atmosphere feedback driven by large-scale offshore wind farms under seasonally stratified conditions

Journal Article · Wed Nov 05 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Science Advances

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adw7603· OSTI ID:3016200

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University of Hawai’i, Mānoa, Honolulu, HI (United States); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA (United States)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA (United States); University of Bonn (Germany)
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (United States); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA (United States)

Offshore wind farms may induce changes in the upper ocean and near-surface atmosphere through coupled ocean-atmosphere feedbacks. Yet, the role of air-sea interactions mediated by offshore wind farms remains poorly understood. Using fully coupled ocean-atmosphere-wave model simulations for seasonally stratified conditions along the US East Coast, we show that simulated cumulative reductions in wind stress due to large-scale wind farm clusters lead to sea surface warming of 0.3° to 0.4°C and a shallower mixed layer. This warming drives upward heat fluxes, destabilizing the atmospheric boundary layer and enhancing wind stress, which partially offsets wake-induced wind deficits. These wake-ocean interactions influence near-surface meteorology and air-sea fluxes, suggesting that a coupled modeling approach may be necessary for assessing potential oceanographic impacts of offshore wind developments. However, ocean coupling exerts limited influence on winds at turbine-relevant heights or within downstream wakes, resulting in minimal impact on long-term energy. These findings suggest that models without ocean coupling may be adequate for wind energy applications.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: National Laboratory of the Rockies (NLR), Golden, CO (United States); Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Wind Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308; EE0009424

OSTI ID:: 3016200

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 3029665

Report Number(s):: NLR/JA-5000-92724

Journal Information:: Science Advances, Journal Name: Science Advances Journal Issue: 45 Vol. 11; ISSN 2375-2548

Publisher:: AAASCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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