Understanding the Role of Borohydride Doping in Electrochemical Stability of Argyrodite Li 6PS5Cl Solid‐State Electrolyte

Wang, Yixian; Raj, Vikalp; Yan, Qianqian; Fincher, Cole D.; Li, Yuanshun; Raj, Rohit; Celio, Hugo; Dolocan, Andrei; Yang, Guang; Perras, Frédéric A.; Chiang, Yet‐Ming; Watt, John; Fang, Hong; Jena, Puru; Mitlin, David

doi:10.1002/adma.202506095

Understanding the Role of Borohydride Doping in Electrochemical Stability of Argyrodite Li ₆PS₅Cl Solid‐State Electrolyte

Journal Article · Tue Jul 15 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Advanced Materials

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202506095· OSTI ID:3015583

^[1]; Raj, Vikalp ^[1]; Yan, Qianqian ^[2]; Fincher, Cole D. ^[2]; Li, Yuanshun ^[3]; Raj, Rohit ^[1]; Celio, Hugo ^[1]; Dolocan, Andrei ^[1]; Yang, Guang ^[3]; Perras, Frédéric A. ^[4]; Chiang, Yet‐Ming ^[2]; Watt, John ^[5]; Fang, Hong ^[6]; Jena, Puru ^[7]; ^[1]

Univ. of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Ames Lab., and Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States). Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT)
Rutgers University, Camden, NJ (United States)
Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA (United States)

This work elucidates the mechanism by which lithium borohydride (LiBH₄) doping into argyrodite-type Li₆PS₅Cl (LBH-LPSCl) solid-state electrolyte (SSE) enhances electrochemical stability. State-of-the-art electrochemical performance is achieved with 5 wt% borohydride. Symmetric cells achieve critical current density (CCD) of 7.3 mA cm⁻², versus 2.6 mA cm⁻² for baseline-LPSCl. All solid-state batteries (ASSBs) employing lithium metal and NMC811 cathode are stable over 400 cycles at 0.5C, with capacity retention of 83%. An anode-free ASSB (AF-ASSB) is stable over 600 cycles, with capacity loss of 0.04% per cycle. 5LBH-LPSCl allows for enhanced low temperature operation, down to −14 °C. Yet the difference in electrolytes’ bulk microstructures and hardnesses are minimal, while ionic conductivity is incrementally improved (≈50%). Theoretical modeling indicates limited effect of substitution on thermodynamic stability of PS₄^3- units, which decompose when contacting Li. Instead, enhanced electrochemical stability is site-specific kinetic effect: In situ electrodeposition experiments using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) reveal tri-layer SEI based predominately on Li₃P/LiBH₄/Li₂S that blocks electrons while facilitating ion transport. This SEI manifests reduced interface resistance and accelerated nucleation and growth of metallic Li. With baseline-LPSCl the SEI based on Li₃P/Li₂S is substantially thicker, generating localized stresses that promote interfacial cracking while cycling.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States); Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Richmond, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); Robert A. Welch Foundation; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division (MSE); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; AC02-07CH11358; FG02-96ER45579

OSTI ID:: 3015583

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2573067

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Journal Name: Advanced Materials Journal Issue: 40 Vol. 37; ISSN 1521-4095; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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