Oscillation Risks of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources in Series-Compensated Networks

Mittal, Ratik; Miao, Zhixin; Fan, Lingling; Ramasubramanian, Deepak

doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3577947

Oscillation Risks of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources in Series-Compensated Networks

Journal Article · Fri Jun 06 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3577947· OSTI ID:3015503

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[3]

Quanta Technology LLC, Raleigh, NC (United States)
Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL (United States)
Electric Power Research Institute, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Here, this paper investigates the dynamic behavior of a grid-connected inverter-based resource (IBR) when connected radially to a series compensated line. Potential interactions between the series compensation and the IBR have been identified for both types: grid-following (GFL) or grid-forming (GFM). The study begins with electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations to demonstrate stability issues. Subsequently, nonlinear analytical models are formulated in the dq frame, validated against the EMT simulation, and leveraged to assess eigenvalues and participation factors. Influencing factors of the dominant oscillation modes have been identified. The analysis results show that series compensation may make a mode associated with the synchronization unit unstable. Furthermore, customized feedback systems are built for the synchronizing loop. Series compensation can increase the sensitivity of the voltage phase angle towards the synchronizing angle, and introduce phase lag in the real power response towards the synchronizing angle. These factors may cause interactions with the phase-locked loop in GFL-IBR systems and with power-based synchronization in GFM-IBR systems, potentially leading to instability.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Univ. of South Florida, Tampa, FL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: EE0011474

OSTI ID:: 3015503

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 40; ISSN 1937-4208; ISSN 0885-8977

Publisher:: IEEECopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (20)

Hardware Demonstration of Weak Grid Oscillations in Grid-Following Converters Bao, Li; Fan, Lingling; Miao, Zhixin 2021 North American Power Symposium (NAPS) https://doi.org/10.1109/NAPS52732.2021.9654557	conference	November 2021
Operational Challenges of Solar PV Plus Storage Power Plants and Modeling Recommendations Fan, Lingling; Miao, Zhixin; Ramasubramanian, Deepak IEEE Open Access Journal of Power and Energy, Vol. 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/OAJPE.2023.3284375	journal	January 2023
Sub-Synchronous Control Interaction studies between full-converter wind turbines and series-compensated AC transmission lines Ma, H. T.; Brogan, P. B. 2012 IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting https://doi.org/10.1109/PESGM.2012.6345523	conference	July 2012
Modal Analysis of a DFIG-Based Wind Farm Interfaced With a Series Compensated Network Fan, Lingling; Zhu, Chanxia; Miao, Zhixin IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2011.2160995	journal	December 2011
Nyquist-Stability-Criterion-Based SSR Explanation for Type-3 Wind Generators Fan, Lingling; Miao, Zhixin IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 27, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2012.2193491	journal	September 2012
Impedance-Model-Based SSR Analysis for Type 3 Wind Generator and Series-Compensated Network Miao, Zhixin IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2012.2211019	journal	December 2012
Characteristic Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance in Practical Wind Farms Connected to Series-Compensated Transmissions Xie, Xiaorong; Zhang, Xu; Liu, Huakun IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 32, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2017.2676024	journal	September 2017
Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Type-4 Wind in Series-Compensated Networks Xu, Yangkun; Zhang, Miao; Fan, Lingling IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2019.2943578	journal	March 2020
Large Angle Deviation in Grid-Following IBRs Upon Grid Voltage Dip Fan, Lingling; Wang, Zhengyu; Miao, Zhixin IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2023.3302812	journal	March 2024
Subsynchronous Resonance in Series Compensated Transmission Lines Ballance, John; Goldberg, Saul IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-92, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPAS.1973.293713	journal	September 1973
Analysis and Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance in Series-Compensated Grid-Connected System Controlled by a Virtual Synchronous Generator Li, Gaoxiang; Chen, Yandong; Luo, An IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2020.2977981	journal	October 2020
Mitigation of Subsynchronous Resonance in a Series-Compensated Wind Farm Using FACTS Controllers Varma, Rajiv K.; Auddy, Soubhik; Semsedini, Ysni IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 23, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2008.917699	journal	July 2008
Modeling of DFIG-Based Wind Farms for SSR Analysis Fan, Lingling; Kavasseri, Rajesh; Miao, Zhixin Lee IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 25, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2010.2050912	journal	October 2010
Revisiting Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters: A Duality Theory Li, Yitong; Gu, Yunjie; Green, Timothy C. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 37, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3151851	journal	November 2022
Real-World Subsynchronous Oscillation Events in Power Grids With High Penetrations of Inverter-Based Resources Cheng, Yunzhi; Fan, Lingling; Rose, Jonathan IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 38, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3161418	journal	January 2023
A Generalized Harmonic Compensation Control Strategy for Mitigating Subsynchronous Oscillation in Synchronverter Based Wind Farm Connected to Series Compensated Transmission Line Li, Gaoxiang; Ma, Fujun; Wu, Chuanping IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 38, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRS.2022.3191061	journal	May 2023
Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids Fan, Lingling IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2849849	journal	April 2019
On the Risk for Subsynchronous Control Interaction in Type 4 Based Wind Farms Beza, Mebtu; Bongiorno, Massimo IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2018.2889181	journal	July 2019
A Novel Design for Switchable Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Control Ding, Huazhao; Kar, Rabi; Miao, Zhixin IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2024.3520989	journal	April 2025
2800-2022 - IEEE Standard for Interconnection and Interoperability of Inverter-Based Resources (IBRs) Interconnecting with Associated Transmission Electric Power Systems No authors listed IEEE Std 2800-2022, 1-180 https://doi.org/10.1109/ieeestd.2022.9762253	standard	April 2022

Similar Records

Grid Forming Control Tuning for a Hybrid Inverter-Based Resource Power Plant

Journal Article · Mon Dec 08 19:00:00 EST 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · OSTI ID:3015507

A Novel Design for Switchable Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Control

Journal Article · Thu Dec 19 19:00:00 EST 2024 · IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy · OSTI ID:2562882

Comparative Small-Signal Stability Analysis of Grid-Forming and Grid-Following Inverters in Low-Inertia Power Systems: Preprint

Conference · Thu Jan 13 19:00:00 EST 2022 · OSTI ID:1841356

Related Subjects

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION
converter control
grid-following control
grid-forming control
oscillations
series compensation

Oscillation Risks of Grid-Following and Grid-Forming Inverter-Based Resources in Series-Compensated Networks

Citation Formats

References (20)

Similar Records

Related Subjects