The R-Process Alliance: Exploring the cosmic scatter among ten r-process sites with stellar abundances

Racca, Mila; Hansen, Terese T.; Roederer, Ian U.; Placco, Vinicius M.; Frebel, Anna; Beers, Timothy C.; Ezzeddine, Rana; Holmbeck, Erika M.; Sakari, Charli M.; Monty, Stephanie; Harket, Ø.; Simon, Joshua D.; Sneden, Christopher; Thompson, Ian B.

doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556947

The R-Process Alliance: Exploring the cosmic scatter among ten r-process sites with stellar abundances

Journal Article · Wed Dec 17 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Astronomy and Astrophysics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556947· OSTI ID:3014102

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[4]; Beers, Timothy C. ^[5]; ^[6]; Holmbeck, Erika M. ^[7]; Sakari, Charli M. ^[8]; Monty, Stephanie ^[9]; Harket, Ø. ^[1]; ^[10]; ^[11]; Thompson, Ian B. ^[10]

Stockholm University (Sweden)
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
NSF National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory (NOIRLab), Tucson, AZ (United States)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
University of Notre Dame, IN (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics - Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) (United States)
San Francisco State University, CA (United States)
University of Cambridge (United Kingdom)
Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA (United States)
University of Texas, Austin, TX (United States)

Context. The astrophysical origin of the rapid neutron-capture process (r-process), responsible for producing roughly half of the elements heavier than iron, remains uncertain. Detailed chemical signatures from the oldest, most metal-poor stars, which act as fossil records of the earliest nucleosynthesis events, can be used to identify the dominant r-process sites. Aims. We present a homogeneous chemical abundance analysis of ten r-process element-enhanced stars. These old and metal-poor stars are strongly enriched in r-process elements with minimal contamination from other nucleosynthetic sources. By focusing on this chemically pure sample, we aim to investigate intrinsic variations in the r-process abundance patterns and explore their implications for the nature and potential diversity of r-process sites. Methods. We performed a detailed chemical abundance analysis of high-resolution, high-signal-to-noise spectra. For each star, we inspected over 1400 individual absorption lines using a combination of equivalent width measurements and spectral synthesis. The analysis was conducted under the assumption of 1D local thermodynamic equilibrium and employing the MOOG radiative transfer code. Results. We derived abundances for 54 chemical species, including 29 neutron-capture (n-capture) elements, covering the full mass range of the r-process abundance pattern. A kinematic analysis reveals that stars likely originated from ten kinematically distinct systems. Based on this assumption, we used the sample to probe the maximum variation expected from ten independent r-process nucleosynthesis events and computed the intrinsic dispersion of each element relative to Zr and Eu for the light and heavy r-process elements, respectively. This exercise resulted in a remarkably low cosmic scatter across the ten r-process sites enriching these stars; for the rare earth and third peak elements, for example, we find σ_[La/Eu] = 0.08 and σ_[Os/Eu] = 0.11 dex, while the scatter between light and heavy elements, σ_[Zr/Eu], is slightly higher at 0.18 dex. Conclusions. The elemental abundance patterns across the ten independent r-process sites show remarkably small cosmic dispersions. This minimal dispersion suggests a high degree of uniformity in r-process yields across diverse astrophysical environments.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; SC0023128

OSTI ID:: 3014102

Report Number(s):: LLNL--JRNL-2008756

Journal Information:: Astronomy and Astrophysics, Journal Name: Astronomy and Astrophysics Vol. 704; ISSN 1432-0746; ISSN 0004-6361

Publisher:: EDP SciencesCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Favorable Conditions for Heavy Element Nucleosynthesis in Rotating Protomagnetar Winds Prasanna, Tejas; Coleman, Matthew S. B.; Thompson, Todd A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 973, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4d90	journal	September 2024
Nuclear Uncertainties Associated with the Nucleosynthesis in Ejecta of a Black Hole Accretion Disk Mumpower, Matthew R.; Sprouse, Trevor M.; Miller, Jonah M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 970, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5afc	journal	July 2024
Robust r-process Nucleosynthesis beyond Lanthanides in the Common Envelop Jet Supernovae Jin, Shilun; Soker, Noam The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 971, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad5f8e	journal	August 2024
The Rise of the r-process in the Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus Dwarf Galaxy ^∗ Ou 欧, Xiaowei 筱葳; Ji, Alexander P.; Frebel, Anna The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 974, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad6f9b	journal	October 2024
Complete Survey of r-process Conditions: The (Un)robustness of the r-process(es) Kuske, Jan; Arcones, Almudena; Reichert, Moritz The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 990, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adf0f7	journal	August 2025
Investigating Non-LTE Abundances of Neodymium in Metal-poor FGK Stars Dixon, John D.; Ezzeddine, Rana; Li, Yangyang The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 994, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae0b59	journal	November 2025
IMPROVED Cr ii log( gf ) VALUES AND ABUNDANCE DETERMINATIONS IN THE PHOTOSPHERES OF THE SUN AND METAL-POOR STAR HD 84937 Lawler, J. E.; Sneden, C.; Nave, G. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 228, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/228/1/10	journal	January 2017
The R -Process Alliance: Fourth Data Release from the Search for R -process-enhanced Stars in the Galactic Halo Holmbeck, Erika M.; Hansen, Terese T.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 249, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab9c19	journal	August 2020
The R-process Alliance: Fifth Data Release from the Search for R-process-enhanced Metal-poor Stars in the Galactic Halo with the GTC* Bandyopadhyay, Avrajit; Ezzeddine, Rana; Allende Prieto, Carlos The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 274, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad6f0f	journal	October 2024
The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. IV. Detection of Near-infrared Signatures of r -process Nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South Chornock, R.; Berger, E.; Kasen, D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa905c	journal	October 2017
Gravitational Waves and Gamma-Rays from a Binary Neutron Star Merger: GW170817 and GRB 170817A Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa920c	journal	October 2017
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications Villar, V. A.; Guillochon, J.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9c84	journal	December 2017
The R -Process Alliance: 2MASS J09544277+5246414, the Most Actinide-enhanced R -II Star Known Holmbeck, Erika M.; Beers, Timothy C.; Roederer, Ian U. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aac722	journal	June 2018
Common Envelope Jet Supernova r-process Yields Can Reproduce [Eu/Fe] Abundance Evolution in the Galaxy Grichener, Aldana; Kobayashi, Chiaki; Soker, Noam The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 926, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac4f68	journal	February 2022
Signatures of r-process Enrichment in Supernovae from Collapsars Barnes, Jennifer; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 939, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9b41	journal	November 2022
Direct Evidence for r-process Nucleosynthesis in Delayed MeV Emission from the SGR 1806–20 Magnetar Giant Flare Patel, Anirudh; Metzger, Brian D.; Cehula, Jakub The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 984, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/adc9b0	journal	April 2025

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