Terrestrial atmospheric ion implantation occurred in the nearside lunar regolith during the history of Earth’s dynamo

Paramanick, Shubhonkar; Blackman, Eric G.; Tarduno, John A.; Carroll-Nellenback, Jonathan

doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02960-4

Terrestrial atmospheric ion implantation occurred in the nearside lunar regolith during the history of Earth’s dynamo

Journal Article · Thu Dec 11 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Communications Earth & Environment

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-025-02960-4· OSTI ID:3012929

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University of Rochester, NY (United States)

Light volatile elements in lunar regolith are thought to be a mixture of the solar wind and Earth’s atmosphere, the latter sourced in the absence of geomagnetic field. However, the extent to which both the current and primitive geodynamo influence the transport of terres trial ions still remains unclear, and this uncertainty is further complicated by the enigmatic composition and poorly constrained location of the Eoarchean exosphere. Here we use 3-D MHD numerical simulations with contemporary magnetized and Archean unmagnetized atmospheres to investigate how Earth’s intrinsic magnetic field affects this transfer, aiming to constrain how and when the lunar isotopic signature provides a record of Earth’s pale-oatmosphere. We find that atmospheric transfer is efficient only when the Moon is within Earth’s magnetotail. The non-solar contribution to the lunar soil is best explained by implantation during the long history of the geodynamo with present-day solar wind conditions, rather than any short, putatively unmagnetized epoch of early Archean Earth. This further suggests the history of the terrestrial atmosphere, spanning billions of years, could be preserved in buried lunar soils. Our results indicate that the elemental abundances of Apollo samples are very sensitive to Earth’s hydrodynamic exobase altitude, which, at the time of ion implantation, was never smaller than 190 km.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: University of Rochester, NY (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0004144; SC0021990

OSTI ID:: 3012929

Journal Information:: Communications Earth & Environment, Journal Name: Communications Earth & Environment Journal Issue: 1 Vol. 6; ISSN 2662-4435

Publisher:: Springer Science and Business Media LLCCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Processed data for "Terrestrial atmospheric ion implantation occurred in the nearside lunar regolith during the history of Earth's dynamo" Paramanick, Shubhonkar; Blackman, Eric; Tarduno, John Zenodo https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17290355	dataset	January 2025

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