Outgassing measurements of bare and magnetite-coated low-carbon steel vacuum chambers

Al-Allaq, Aiman H.; Mamun, Md Abdullah; Poelker, Matt; Elmustafa, Abdelmageed

doi:10.1116/6.0004987

Outgassing measurements of bare and magnetite-coated low-carbon steel vacuum chambers

Journal Article · Wed Dec 24 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004987· OSTI ID:3011654

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[1]

Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA (United States)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

The outgassing properties of bare and magnetite-coated AISI 1020 low-carbon steel vacuum chambers were evaluated to establish material selection criteria for extreme high vacuum applications, namely, to explore the possibility of using these materials to build next-generation spin-polarized photoelectron guns. Water outgassing measurements using the throughput method revealed that the magnetite-coated chamber exhibited five times lower outgassing at room temperature prior to baking, but this advantage disappears after 80 °C baking. Hydrogen outgassing measurements demonstrated significant differences after intensive heat treatment: the bare low-carbon steel vacuum chamber achieved a specific outgassing rate of 9.6 × 10⁻¹⁶ Torr L s⁻¹ cm⁻² after 400 °C/50 h bake plus additional heat treatment at lower temperatures, 25 times lower than the magnetite-coated low-carbon steel chamber. Residual gas analysis showed >99% hydrogen composition after heat treatment for both materials, with carbon species below detection limits for bare low-carbon steel versus 0.8% for magnetite-coated surfaces. These measurements indicate that properly conditioned bare low-carbon steel can achieve the <10⁻¹² Torr pressures required for next-generation spin-polarized photogun applications. In conclusion, the paper includes various analysis techniques intended to explain observed behaviors: isotherm analysis of pump-down plots, Arrhenius analysis of hydrogen outgassing rate data, and residual gas composition tracking.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177

OSTI ID:: 3011654

Report Number(s):: DOE/OR/23177--7993; JLAB-ACC--25-4519

Journal Information:: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B, Journal Name: Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 43; ISSN 2166-2754; ISSN 2166-2746

Publisher:: American Vacuum Society / AIPCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (48)

The habit planes of zirconium hydride in zirconium and zircaloy Westlake, D. G. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(68)90072-X	journal	May 1968
Measurements of the hydrogenic recombination coefficient for the TFTR vacuum vessel Dylla, H. F.; Cecchi, J. L.; Knize, R. J. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(84)90130-2	journal	May 1984
Hydrogen in 304 steel: Diffusion, permeation and surface reaction Grant, D. M.; Cummings, D. L.; Blackburn, D. A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 149, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(87)90476-4	journal	July 1987
Hydrogen in 316 steel — diffusion, permeation and surface reaction Grant, D. M.; Cummings, D. L.; Blackburn, D. A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 152, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(88)90319-4	journal	May 1988
Uhv and xhv pressure measurements Redhead, Pa Vacuum, Vol. 44, Issue 5-7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-207X(93)90095-R	journal	May 1993
Influences of self-induced stress on permeation flux and space-time variation of concentration during diffusion of hydrogen in a palladium alloy Kandasamy, K. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)00074-A	journal	June 1995
The MAMI source of polarized electrons Aulenbacher, K.; Nachtigall, Ch; Andresen, H. G. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 391, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(97)00528-7	journal	June 1997
Influence of native oxide film age on the passivation of carbon steel in neutral aqueous solutions with a dicarboxylic acid Chan-Rosado, G.; Pech-Canul, M. A. Corrosion Science, Vol. 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.03.033	journal	June 2019
Magnetite/carbon core-shell nanorods as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries Liu, Hao; Wang, Guoxiu; Wang, Jiazhao Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2008.09.036	journal	December 2008
Equilibrium vapor pressure properties for absorbent and adsorbent materials Yang, Zhiyao; Gluesenkamp, Kyle R.; Frazzica, Andrea International Journal of Refrigeration, Vol. 124 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.12.013	journal	April 2021
A critical review of the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters on adsorption equilibria. Wrong use of equilibrium constant in the Van't Hoof equation for calculation of thermodynamic parameters of adsorption Lima, Eder C.; Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Ahmad; Moreno-Piraján, Juan Carlos Journal of Molecular Liquids, Vol. 273 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2018.10.048	journal	January 2019
High current cavity design at BNL Xu, Wencan; Ben-Zvi, I.; Calaga, R. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 622, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2010.06.245	journal	October 2010
Physics with CEBAF at 12 GeV and future opportunities Arrington, J.; Battaglieri, M.; Boehnlein, A. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103985	journal	November 2022
Stability of bakeable capacitance diaphragm gauges Scherschligt, Julia; Barker, Daniel; Eckel, Stephen Vacuum, Vol. 197 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vacuum.2021.110801	journal	March 2022
Magnetite impregnation effects on the sorbent properties of activated carbons and biochars Han, Zhantao; Sani, Badruddeen; Mrozik, Wojciech Water Research, Vol. 70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.12.016	journal	March 2015
Measuring the Surface Roughness of Sputtered Coatings by Microgravimetry Carolus, Michael D.; Bernasek, Steven L.; Schwartz, Jeffrey Langmuir, Vol. 21, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/la0470582	journal	March 2005
On the Structure of a Catalyst Surface Sips, Robert The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1746922	journal	May 1948
High current polarized electron source for future eRHIC Wang, Erdong INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON PHYSICS WITH POSITRONS AT JEFFERSON LAB, AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5040227	conference	January 2018
Large eddy simulations of flow over additively manufactured surfaces: Impact of roughness and skewness on turbulent heat transfer Garg, Himani; Sahut, Guillaume; Tuneskog, Erika Physics of Fluids, Vol. 36, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0221006	journal	August 2024
The Sips isotherm equation: Often used and sometimes misused de Vargas Brião, Giani; Hashim, Mohd Ali; Chu, Khim Hoong Separation Science and Technology, Vol. 58, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2023.2167662	journal	January 2023
Effects of ion bombardment on bulk GaAs photocathodes with different surface-cleavage planes Liu, Wei; Zhang, Shukui; Stutzman, Marcy Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 19, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.103402	journal	October 2016
High voltage dc gun for high intensity polarized electron source Wang, Erdong; Rahman, Omer; Skaritka, John Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 25, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.25.033401	journal	March 2022
Charge lifetime improvement of the Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility photogun with a biased anode Yoskowitz, J. T.; Krafft, G. A.; Palacios-Serrano, G. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 27, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.123401	journal	December 2024
Development of a high average current polarized electron source with long cathode operational lifetime Sinclair, C. K.; Adderley, P. A.; Dunham, B. M. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 10, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.10.023501	journal	February 2007
Load-locked dc high voltage GaAs photogun with an inverted-geometry ceramic insulator Adderley, P. A.; Clark, J.; Grames, J. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.13.010101	journal	January 2010
Charge and fluence lifetime measurements of a dc high voltage GaAs photogun at high average current Grames, J.; Suleiman, R.; Adderley, P. A. Physical Review Special Topics - Accelerators and Beams, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevSTAB.14.043501	journal	April 2011
Simulation of hydrogen outgassing in ultrahigh vacuum chamber and fusion device by recombination limited model Akaishi, K.; Nakasuga, M.; Funato, Y. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1471354	journal	May 2002
Recommended practices for measuring and reporting outgassing data Redhead, P. A. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.1496783	journal	September 2002
Introduction to MOLFLOW+ : New graphical processing unit-based Monte Carlo code for simulating molecular flows and for calculating angular coefficients in the compute unified device architecture environment Kersevan, R.; Pons, J. -L. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 27, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.3153280	journal	July 2009
Effect of heat treatments and coatings on the outgassing rate of stainless steel chambers Mamun, Md Abdullah A.; Elmustafa, Abdelmageed A.; Stutzman, Marcy L. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4853795	journal	March 2014
Thermal outgassing rates of low-carbon steels Park, Chongdo; Ha, Taekyun; Cho, Boklae Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 34, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4936840	journal	March 2016
Nonevaporable getter coating chambers for extreme high vacuum Stutzman, Marcy L.; Adderley, Philip A.; Mamun, Md Abdullah A. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.5010154	journal	May 2018
Continuous electron stimulated desorption using a ZrO2/Ag permeation membrane Outlaw, R. A.; Hoflund, Gar B.; Davidson, M. R. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.575976	journal	May 1989
Analysis of pumping down process Kanazawa, K. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 7, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.576151	journal	November 1989
Model for the outgassing of water from metal surfaces Li, Minxu; Dylla, H. F. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.578482	journal	July 1993
Correlation of outgassing of stainless steel and aluminum with various surface treatments Dylla, H. F.; Manos, D. M.; LaMarche, P. H. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 11, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.578617	journal	September 1993
Modeling the pump‐down of a reversibly adsorbed phase. I. Monolayer and submonolayer initial coverage Redhead, P. A. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 13, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.579381	journal	March 1995
Modeling the pump-down of a reversibly adsorbed phase. II. Multilayer coverage Redhead, P. A. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.579706	journal	November 1995
Air bake-out to reduce hydrogen outgassing from stainless steel Bernardini, M.; Braccini, S.; De Salvo, R. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.580967	journal	January 1998
Solution of the outgassing equation for the pump down of an unbaked vacuum system Akaishi, K. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1116/1.581576	journal	January 1999
Outgassing rate comparison of seven geometrically similar vacuum chambers of different materials and heat treatments Fedchak, James A.; Scherschligt, Julia K.; Avdiaj, Sefer Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Vol. 39, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0000657	journal	March 2021
Side-by-side evaluation of the outgassing rate and ultimate pressure achieved inside tubes made of low-carbon and stainless steel Al-Allaq, Aiman H.; Mamun, Md Abdullah; Poelker, Matt Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004446	journal	April 2025
Study of the UHV compatibility of selected ferritic stainless steels for application in vacuum systems of future gravitational wave detectors Scarcia, Carlo; Bregliozzi, Giuseppe; Chiggiato, Paolo Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1116/6.0004698	journal	July 2025
Strong interaction physics at the luminosity frontier with 22 GeV electrons at Jefferson Lab Accardi, A.; Achenbach, P.; Adhikari, D. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 60, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01282-x	journal	September 2024
PEPPo: Using a Polarized Electron Beam to Produce Polarized Positrons Adeyemi, Adeleke; Adderley, Philip; Ali, Mahmoud JACoW, Geneva, Switzerland https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2015-TUPMA020	text	January 2015
High Voltage Design and Evaluation of Wien Filters for the CEBAF 200 keV Injector Upgrade Palacios Serrano, Gabriel; Adderley, Philip; Baumgart, Helmut JACoW Publishing, Geneva, Switzerland https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2021-MOPAB324	text	January 2021
Modeling for the phased injector upgrade for 12 GeV CEBAF No authors listed JACoW Publishing https://doi.org/10.18429/JACoW-IPAC2023-WEPL075	text	January 2023
Optimizing Material Selection and Operational Conditions for XHV Systems: Lessons from AISI 1020 and 316L Comparative Studies Al-Allaq, Aiman H.; Al-Allaq", "Aiman H.; Mamun", "Md Abdullah Proceedings of 20th International Workshop on Polarized Source, Targets, and Polarimetry — PoS(PSTP2024) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.472.0070	conference	February 2025

Similar Records

Side-by-side evaluation of the outgassing rate and ultimate pressure achieved inside tubes made of low-carbon and stainless steel

Journal Article · Mon Apr 28 20:00:00 EDT 2025 · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B · OSTI ID:2564117

The Effect of Heat Treatments and Coatings on the Outgassing Rate of Stainless Steel Chambers

Journal Article · Fri Feb 28 23:00:00 EST 2014 · Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology. A, Vacuum, Surfaces and Films · OSTI ID:1114181

Thin film studies toward improving the performance of accelerator electron sources

Thesis/Dissertation · Tue May 31 00:00:00 EDT 2016 · OSTI ID:1411408

Related Subjects

Adsorption isotherm
Arrhenius plot
Gas liquid interfaces
Materials heat treatment
Photocathodes
Residual gas analysis
Vacuum apparatus
Vacuum systems

Outgassing measurements of bare and magnetite-coated low-carbon steel vacuum chambers

Citation Formats

References (48)

Similar Records

Related Subjects