Explosive Soot Challenge (Final Report)

Technical Report · Mon Dec 01 00:00:00 EST 2025

DOI:https://doi.org/10.2172/3009507· OSTI ID:3009507

Hammond-Clements, Adam Les ^[1]; Daniel, Kyle Andreas ^[1]; Farrukh, Tahir Latif ^[1]; Seetala, Kiran S. ^[1]; Willhardt, Colton Dean ^[2]; Glumac, Nick ^[3]; Nunes, Cohen T. V. ^[4]; Guildenbecher, Daniel Robert ^[5]; Summerlin, Noah P. ^[6]; Balachandar, S. ^[6]

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1. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
2. Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States); Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
3. Univ. of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL (United States)
4. Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)
5. Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
6. Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL (United States)

This project assembled a broad ensemble of modeling and experimentation tools to study the morphological and optical properties of detonation soots in explosive fireballs. A gram-scale hemispherical high explosive was studied in a low-pressure controlled environment using in-situ experimentation with diffusely illuminated visible absorption spectroscopy, particle sizing through light scattering techniques, and post-test collections with subsequent morphological analysis. Hydrocode modeling was performed to replicate the detonation flow observations, and subsequent aerosol kinetics models provided particle size distributions and extinction coefficients from the hydrocode results. Experimentally observed soot morphologies agreed with expectation from the literature - a bimodal distribution was found, brought upon by the particles growing to a size where their inertia and fluid wakes are non-negligible. The aerosol kinetics model did not replicate the observed bimodal size distribution for lack of a coagulation kernel to represent the behavior. To recover particulate optical properties, a spectrally resolved absorption spectroscopy method termed Spectral diffuse back-illuminated extinction imaging (SBI-EI) was developed and implemented on two explosive types. Inverting the absorption spectra using a Kramers-Kronig consistent method yielded the complex index of refraction for the soots produced by the explosives. This method resulted in an unrealistic index of refraction for one of the two explosives, and this is suspected to be due to the model neglecting scattering brought upon by the large particle sizes observed. In addition to the core work, three additional studies were performed in parallel. These investigated the impact of scattering on diffuse absorption spectroscopy, studied how soots oxidate and sublimate in a well-controlled shock tube, and laid the theoretical groundwork for a new collision kernel to replicate the bimodal size distribution from the observations. Summaries of these efforts are included at the end of this report.

• Research Organization: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
• DOE Contract Number: NA0003525
• OSTI ID: 3009507
• Report Number(s): SAND--2025-15213R; 1789982
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE