Global QCD analysis of spin PDFs in the proton with high-𝑥 and lattice constraints

Cocuzza, C.; Hunt-Smith, N. T.; Melnitchouk, W.; Sato, N.; Thomas, A. W.

doi:10.1103/6fn9-1wqb

Global QCD analysis of spin PDFs in the proton with high-𝑥 and lattice constraints

Journal Article · Tue Dec 09 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Physical Review. D.

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/6fn9-1wqb· OSTI ID:3008129

^[1]; Hunt-Smith, N. T. ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[3]; Thomas, A. W. ^[2]

College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
Univ. of Adelaide, SA (Australia)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

We perform a comprehensive global QCD analysis of spin-dependent parton distribution functions (PDFs), combining all available data on inclusive and semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering (DIS), as well as inclusive weak boson and jet production in polarized 𝑝⁢𝑝 collisions, simultaneously extracting spin-averaged PDFs and fragmentation functions. Including recent Jefferson Lab DIS data at high 𝑥, together with subleading power corrections to the leading-twist framework, allows us to verify the stability of the PDFs for 𝑊² ≥ 4 GeV² and quantify the uncertainties on the spin structure functions more reliably. We explore the use of new lattice QCD data on gluonic pseudo-Ioffe time distributions, which, together with jet production and high-𝑥 DIS data, improve the constraints on the polarized gluon PDF. The expanded kinematic reach afforded by the data into the high-𝑥 region allows us to refine the bounds on higher-twist contributions to the spin structure functions, and test the validity of the Bjorken sum rule.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Australian Research Council; National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-06OR23177

OSTI ID:: 3008129

Report Number(s):: DOE/OR/23177--7879; JLAB-THY--25-4362

Journal Information:: Physical Review. D., Journal Name: Physical Review. D. Journal Issue: 11 Vol. 112; ISSN 2470-0010; ISSN 2470-0029

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (127)

Polarized gluon pseudodistributions at short distances Balitsky, Ian; Morris, Wayne; Radyushkin, Anatoly Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2022, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2022)193	journal	February 2022
NNPDFpol2.0: a global determination of polarised PDFs and their uncertainties at next-to-next-to-leading order Cruz-Martinez, Juan; Hasenack, Toon; Hekhorn, Felix Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2025, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2025)168	journal	July 2025
High-precision scale setting in lattice QCD Borsányi, Szabolcs; Dürr, Stephan; Fodor, Zoltán Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2012, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2012)010	journal	September 2012
Hadron mass corrections in semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering Guerrero, J. V.; Ethier, J. J.; Accardi, A. Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2015, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP09(2015)169	journal	September 2015
Sum rules for forward virtual compton scattering Burkhardt, Hugh; Cottingham, W. N. Annals of Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-4916(70)90025-4	journal	February 1970
The theory and phenomenology of polarized deep inelastic scattering Anselmino, M.; Efremov, A.; Leader, E. Physics Reports, Vol. 261, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(95)00011-5	journal	October 1995
Sum rules for spin-dependent electroproduction- test of relativistic constituent quarks Wandzura, S.; Wilczek, F. Physics Letters B, Vol. 72, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(77)90700-6	journal	December 1977
QCD asymptotics and kinematic thresholds in deep inelastic scattering Bitar, Khalil; Johnson, Porter W.; Tung, Wu-Ki Physics Letters B, Vol. 83, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(79)90902-X	journal	April 1979
Possible strength of the non-perturbative strange sea of the nucleon Signal, A. I.; Thomas, A. W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 191, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(87)91348-7	journal	June 1987
The spin and flavor dependence of parton distribution functions Close, F. E.; Thomas, A. W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 212, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(88)90530-8	journal	September 1988
QCD sum rule calculation of twist-3 contributions to polarized nucleon structure functions Stein, E.; Górnicki, P.; Mankiewicz, L. Physics Letters B, Vol. 343, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)01443-G	journal	January 1995
Deep inelastic scattering from polarized deuterons Melnitchouk, W.; Piller, G.; Thomas, A. W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 346, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)01690-E	journal	March 1995
Q2-dependence of the nucleon's G1 structure function sum rule Ji, Xiangdong; Unrau, Peter Physics Letters B, Vol. 333, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(94)91035-9	journal	July 1994
QCD sum rule calculation of twist-4 corrections to Bjorken and Ellis-Jaffe sum rules Stein, E.; Górnicki, P.; Mankiewicz, L. Physics Letters B, Vol. 353, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00544-U	journal	June 1995
Locality of the strange sea in the nucleon Ji, Xiangdong; Tang, Jian Physics Letters B, Vol. 362, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)01153-H	journal	November 1995
structure function ratio at large x Melnitchouk, W.; Thomas, A. W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 377, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(96)00292-4	journal	June 1996
Positivity constraints for anomalous dimensions Nachtmann, Otto Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 63 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(73)90144-2	journal	October 1973
Target mass effects in polarized electroproduction Matsuda, Satoshi; Uematsu, Tsuneo Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 168, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(80)90283-7	journal	May 1980
Higher order QCD effects in inclusive annihilation and deep inelastic scattering Floratos, E. G.; Kounnas, C.; Lacaze, R. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 192, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(81)90434-X	journal	December 1981
An investigation of the spin structure of the proton in deep inelastic scattering of polarised muons on polarised protons Ashman, J.; Badelek, B.; Baum, G. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 328, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(89)90089-8	journal	December 1989
Demythification of electroproduction local duality and precocious scaling De Rújula, A.; Georgi, Howard; David Politzer, H. Annals of Physics, Vol. 103, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-4916(97)90003-8	journal	February 1977
The theory and phenomenology of polarized deep inelastic scattering (physics reports 261 (1995) 1–124) Anselmino, M.; Efremov, A.; Leader, E. Physics Reports, Vol. 281, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(97)00003-3	journal	March 1997
Spin physics and polarized structure functions Lampe, Bodo; Reya, Ewald Physics Reports, Vol. 332, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-1573(99)00100-3	journal	July 2000
Measurements of the Q2-dependence of the proton and neutron spin structure functions g1p and g1n Anthony, P. L.; Arnold, R. G.; Averett, T. Physics Letters B, Vol. 493, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(00)01014-5	journal	November 2000
Precision measurement of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g2 and asymmetries A2 Anthony, P. L.; Arnold, R. G.; Averett, T. Physics Letters B, Vol. 553, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(02)03015-0	journal	January 2003
Measurement of the neutron spin structure function gn1 with a polarized 3He internal target Ackerstaff, K.; Airapetian, A.; Akushevich, I. Physics Letters B, Vol. 404, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(97)00611-4	journal	July 1997
Polarised quark distributions in the nucleon from semi-inclusive spin asymmetries Adeva, B.; Akdogan, T.; Arik, E. Physics Letters B, Vol. 420, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(97)01546-3	journal	February 1998
Strange asymmetries in the nucleon sea Melnitchouk, W.; Malheiro, M. Physics Letters B, Vol. 451, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00182-3	journal	April 1999
Measurement of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g2 and asymmetry A2 Anthony, P. L.; Arnold, R. G.; Averett, T. Physics Letters B, Vol. 458, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00590-0	journal	July 1999
Measurement of the deuteron spin structure function g1d(x) for 1 (GeV/c)2 Anthony, P. L.; Arnold, R. G.; Averett, T. Physics Letters B, Vol. 463, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00940-5	journal	September 1999
Target mass effects in polarized deep-inelastic scattering Piccione, Andrea; Ridolfi, Giovanni Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 513, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(97)00716-5	journal	March 1998
Target mass corrections for polarized structure functions and new sum rules Blümlein, Johannes; Tkabladze, Avtandil Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 553, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(99)00289-8	journal	July 1999
A first unbiased global determination of polarized PDFs and their uncertainties Nocera, Emanuele R.; Ball, Richard D.; Forte, Stefano Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 887 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2014.08.008	journal	October 2014
Higher twist analysis of the proton g1 structure function Osipenko, M.; Melnitchouk, W.; Simula, S. Physics Letters B, Vol. 609, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.01.071	journal	March 2005
Higher twists and color polarizabilities in the neutron Meziani, Z. -E.; Melnitchouk, W.; Chen, J. -P. Physics Letters B, Vol. 613, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.03.046	journal	May 2005
Nucleon quark distributions in a covariant quark–diquark model Cloët, I. C.; Bentz, W.; Thomas, A. W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 621, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2005.06.065	journal	August 2005
The deuteron spin-dependent structure function g1d and its first moment Alexakhin, V. Yu.; Alexandrov, Yu.; Alexeev, G. D. Physics Letters B, Vol. 647, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.12.076	journal	March 2007
Target mass corrections for spin-dependent structure functions in collinear factorization Accardi, Alberto; Melnitchouk, W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 670, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2008.10.036	journal	December 2008
Flavour separation of helicity distributions from deep inelastic muon–deuteron scattering Alekseev, M.; Alexakhin, V. Yu.; Alexandrov, Yu. Physics Letters B, Vol. 680, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2009.08.065	journal	September 2009
The spin-dependent structure function of the proton g1p and a test of the Bjorken sum rule Alekseev, M. G.; Alexakhin, V. Yu.; Alexandrov, Yu. Physics Letters B, Vol. 690, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2010.05.069	journal	July 2010
Constraints on spin-dependent parton distributions at large x from global QCD analysis Jimenez-Delgado, P.; Avakian, H.; Melnitchouk, W. Physics Letters B, Vol. 738 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2014.09.049	journal	November 2014
Precision measurements of A 1 n in the deep inelastic regime Parno, D. S.; Flay, D.; Posik, M. Physics Letters B, Vol. 744 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.03.067	journal	May 2015
Longitudinal double spin asymmetries in single hadron quasi-real photoproduction at high p T Adolph, C.; Akhunzyanov, R.; Alexeev, M. G. Physics Letters B, Vol. 753 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2015.12.035	journal	February 2016
Quark–hadron duality in electron scattering Melnitchouk, W.; Ent, R.; Keppel, C. Physics Reports, Vol. 406, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2004.10.004	journal	January 2005
Foundations of Perturbative QCD Collins, John Cambridge Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics and Cosmology https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009401845	journal	January 2023
Sample Quantiles in Statistical Packages Hyndman, Rob J.; Fan, Yanan The American Statistician, Vol. 50, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1996.10473566	journal	November 1996
Target mass corrections Schienbein, Ingo; Radescu, Voica A.; Zeller, G. P. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/35/5/053101	journal	March 2008
Semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering at small transverse momentum Bacchetta, Alessandro; Diehl, Markus; Goeke, Klaus Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2007, Issue 02 https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2007/02/093	journal	February 2007
Hadron mass corrections in semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering Accardi, A.; Hobbs, T.; Melnitchouk, W. Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2009, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1126-6708/2009/11/084	journal	November 2009
Quark helicity distributions from longitudinal spin asymmetries in muon-proton and muon-deuteron scattering Windmolders, Roland Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 295 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/295/1/012069	journal	May 2011
Review of Particle Physics No authors listed Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Vol. 2022, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/ptep/ptac097	journal	August 2022
Applications of the Chiral U ( 6 ) ⊗ U ( 6 ) Algebra of Current Densities Bjorken, J. D. Physical Review, Vol. 148, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.148.1467	journal	August 1966
Spin-dependent nuclear structure functions: General approach with application to the deuteron Kulagin, S. A.; Melnitchouk, W.; Piller, G. Physical Review C, Vol. 52, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.52.932	journal	August 1995
Polarized deep-inelastic scattering from nuclei: A relativistic approach Piller, G.; Melnitchouk, W.; Thomas, A. W. Physical Review C, Vol. 54, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.54.894	journal	August 1996
Strangeness in the nucleon on the light cone Melnitchouk, W.; Malheiro, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 55, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.55.431	journal	January 1997
Symmetry breaking and quark-hadron duality in structure functions Close, F. E.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 68, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.68.035210	journal	September 2003
Precision measurement of the neutron spin asymmetries and spin-dependent structure functions in the valence quark region Zheng, X.; Aniol, K.; Armstrong, D. S. Physical Review C, Vol. 70, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.70.065207	journal	December 2004
Target mass corrections revisited Steffens, F. M.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 73, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.73.055202	journal	May 2006
Deuteron spin structure functions in the resonance and deep inelastic scattering regions Kulagin, S. A.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 77, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.77.015210	journal	January 2008
Spin structure functions of He 3 at finite Q 2 Kulagin, S. A.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 78, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.065203	journal	December 2008
Parton distributions in the presence of target mass corrections Steffens, F. M.; Brown, M. D.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 86, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.065208	journal	December 2012
Precision measurements of g 1 of the proton and of the deuteron with 6 GeV electrons Prok, Y.; Bosted, P.; Kvaltine, N. Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.025212	journal	August 2014
Precise determination of the deuteron spin structure at low to moderate Q 2 with CLAS and extraction of the neutron contribution Guler, N.; Fersch, R. G.; Kuhn, S. E. Physical Review C, Vol. 92, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.055201	journal	November 2015
Determination of the proton spin structure functions for 0.05 < Q 2 < 5 GeV 2 using CLAS Fersch, R. G.; Guler, N.; Bosted, P. Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.065208	journal	December 2017
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry for inclusive jet and dijet production in p p collisions at s = 510 GeV Adam, J.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, J. R. Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.100.052005	journal	September 2019
Strange quark suppression from a simultaneous Monte Carlo analysis of parton distributions and fragmentation functions Sato, N.; Andres, C.; Ethier, J. J. Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.074020	journal	April 2020
Strange quark helicity in the proton from chiral effective theory Wang, X. G.; Ji, Chueng-Ryong; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.116020	journal	December 2020
Confronting lattice parton distributions with global QCD analysis Bringewatt, J.; Sato, N.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 103, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.016003	journal	January 2021
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry for inclusive jet and dijet production in polarized proton collisions at s = 200 GeV Abdallah, M. S.; Adam, J.; Adamczyk, L. Physical Review D, Vol. 103, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.103.L091103	journal	May 2021
Simultaneous Monte Carlo analysis of parton densities and fragmentation functions Moffat, E.; Melnitchouk, W.; Rogers, T. C. Physical Review D, Vol. 104, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.016015	journal	July 2021
How well do we know the gluon polarization in the proton? Zhou, Y.; Sato, N.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.074022	journal	April 2022
Positivity and renormalization of parton densities Collins, John; Rogers, Ted C.; Sato, Nobuo Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.076010	journal	April 2022
Longitudinal double-spin asymmetry for inclusive jet and dijet production in polarized proton collisions at s=510 GeV Abdallah, M. S.; Aboona, B. E.; Adam, J. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.092011	journal	May 2022
Helicity-dependent distribution of strange quarks in the proton from nonlocal chiral effective theory He, Fangcheng; Ji, Chueng-Ryong; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.094007	journal	May 2022
Complementarity of experimental and lattice QCD data on pion parton distributions Barry, P. C.; Egerer, C.; Karpie, J. Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.114051	journal	June 2022
Updated QCD global analysis of single transverse-spin asymmetries: Extracting H˜ , and the role of the Soffer bound and lattice QCD Gamberg, Leonard; Malda, Michel; Miller, Joshua A. Physical Review D, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.034014	journal	August 2022
Toward the determination of the gluon helicity distribution in the nucleon from lattice quantum chromodynamics Egerer, Colin; Joó, Bálint; Karpie, Joseph Physical Review D, Vol. 106, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.094511	journal	November 2022
Polarized antimatter in the proton from a global QCD analysis Cocuzza, C.; Melnitchouk, W.; Metz, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.L031502	journal	August 2022
Tomography of pions and protons via transverse momentum dependent distributions Barry, P. C.; Gamberg, L.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 108, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.L091504	journal	November 2023
First simultaneous global QCD analysis of dihadron fragmentation functions and transversity parton distribution functions Cocuzza, C.; Metz, A.; Pitonyak, D. Physical Review D, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.034024	journal	February 2024
Gluon helicity from global analysis of experimental data and lattice QCD Ioffe time distributions Karpie, J.; Whitehill, R. M.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.036031	journal	February 2024
Higgs production at RHIC and the positivity of the gluon helicity distribution de Florian, Daniel; Forte, Stefano; Vogelsang, Werner Physical Review D, Vol. 109, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.074007	journal	April 2024
Freedom at moderate energies: Masses in color dynamics Georgi, Howard; Politzer, H. David Physical Review D, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.14.1829	journal	October 1976
Trouble with ξ scaling? De Rújula, A.; Georgi, Howard; Politzer, H. David Physical Review D, Vol. 15, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.15.2495	journal	May 1977
Parton Model with Variable Intermediate-State Parton Mass Greenberg, O. W.; Bhaumik, D. Physical Review D, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.4.2048	journal	October 1971
Studies of the transverse spin-dependent structure function g 2 ( x , Q 2 ) Jaffe, R. L.; Ji, Xiangdong Physical Review D, Vol. 43, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.43.724	journal	February 1991
Deep inelastic scattering of polarized electrons by polarized He 3 and the study of the neutron spin structure Anthony, P. L.; Arnold, R. G.; Band, H. R. Physical Review D, Vol. 54, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.54.6620	journal	December 1996
Spin asymmetries A 1 and structure functions g 1 of the proton and the deuteron from polarized high energy muon scattering Adeva, B.; Akdogan, T.; Arik, E. Physical Review D, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.58.112001	journal	October 1998
Measurements of the proton and deuteron spin structure functions g 1 and g 2 Abe, K.; Akagi, T.; Anthony, P. L. Physical Review D, Vol. 58, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.58.112003	journal	October 1998
Spin asymmetries A 1 of the proton and the deuteron in the low x and low Q 2 region from polarized high energy muon scattering Adeva, B.; Arik, E.; Arvidson, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 60, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.60.072004	journal	September 1999
Erratum: Spin asymmetries A 1 of the proton and the deuteron in the low x and low Q 2 region from polarized high energy muon scattering [Phys. Rev. D 60 , 072004 (1999)] Adeva, B.; Arik, E.; Arvidson, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 62, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.62.079902	journal	August 2000
Towards a global analysis of polarized parton distributions Stratmann, Marco; Vogelsang, Werner Physical Review D, Vol. 64, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.64.114007	journal	November 2001
Single-inclusive jet production in polarized pp collisions at O ( α s 3 ) Jäger, B.; Stratmann, M.; Vogelsang, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 70, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.70.034010	journal	August 2004
Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering Airapetian, A.; Akopov, N.; Akopov, Z. Physical Review D, Vol. 71, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.71.012003	journal	January 2005
Global analysis of data on the proton structure function g 1 and the extraction of its moments Osipenko, M.; Simula, S.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.71.054007	journal	March 2005
Precise determination of the spin structure function g 1 of the proton, deuteron, and neutron Airapetian, A.; Akopov, N.; Akopov, Z. Physical Review D, Vol. 75, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.75.012007	journal	January 2007
Event structure and double helicity asymmetry in jet production from polarized p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV Adare, A.; Afanasiev, S.; Aidala, C. Physical Review D, Vol. 84, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.84.012006	journal	July 2011
Longitudinal and transverse spin asymmetries for inclusive jet production at mid-rapidity in polarized p + p collisions at s = 200 GeV Adamczyk, L.; Agakishiev, G.; Aggarwal, M. M. Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.032006	journal	August 2012
Global parton distributions with nuclear and finite- Q 2 corrections Owens, J. F.; Accardi, A.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 87, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.87.094012	journal	May 2013
Transverse force on quarks in deep-inelastic scattering Burkardt, Matthias Physical Review D, Vol. 88, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.88.114502	journal	December 2013
Impact of hadronic and nuclear corrections on global analysis of spin-dependent parton distributions Jimenez-Delgado, P.; Accardi, A.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.89.034025	journal	February 2014
Single-spin asymmetries in W boson production at next-to-leading order Ringer, Felix; Vogelsang, Werner Physical Review D, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.91.094033	journal	May 2015
Measurement of parity-violating spin asymmetries in W ± production at midrapidity in longitudinally polarized p + p collisions Adare, A.; Aidala, C.; Ajitanand, N. N. Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.051103	journal	March 2016
Iterative Monte Carlo analysis of spin-dependent parton distributions Sato, Nobuo; Melnitchouk, W.; Kuhn, S. E. Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.074005	journal	April 2016
Constraints on large- x parton distributions from new weak boson production and deep-inelastic scattering data Accardi, A.; Brady, L. T.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.93.114017	journal	June 2016
Measurements of d 2 n and A 1 n : Probing the neutron spin structure Flay, D.; Posik, M.; Parno, D. S. Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.052003	journal	September 2016
First Monte Carlo analysis of fragmentation functions from single-inclusive e + e − annihilation Sato, Nobuo; Ethier, J. J.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.94.114004	journal	December 2016
Quasi-parton distribution functions, momentum distributions, and pseudo-parton distribution functions Radyushkin, A. V. Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.034025	journal	August 2017
Gauge invariance and kaon production in deep inelastic scattering at low scales Guerrero, Juan V.; Accardi, Alberto Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.97.114012	journal	June 2018
Cross section and longitudinal single-spin asymmetry A L for forward W ± → μ ± ν production in polarized p + p collisions at s = 510 GeV Adare, A.; Aidala, C.; Ajitanand, N. N. Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.032007	journal	August 2018
Measurement of the longitudinal spin asymmetries for weak boson production in proton-proton collisions at s = 510 GeV Adam, J.; Adamczyk, L.; Adams, J. R. Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.051102	journal	March 2019
What does kinematical target mass sensitivity in DIS reveal about hadron structure? Moffat, E.; Rogers, T. C.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.096008	journal	May 2019
Longitudinal Double-Spin Asymmetry for Inclusive Jet Production in p → + p → Collisions at s = 200 GeV Abelev, B. I.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.232003	journal	June 2008
Evidence for Polarization of Gluons in the Proton de Florian, Daniel; Sassot, Rodolfo; Stratmann, Marco Physical Review Letters, Vol. 113, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.113.012001	journal	July 2014
Precision Measurement of the Longitudinal Double-Spin Asymmetry for Inclusive Jet Production in Polarized Proton Collisions at s = 200 GeV Adamczyk, L.; Adkins, J. K.; Agakishiev, G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.092002	journal	August 2015
First Simultaneous Extraction of Spin-Dependent Parton Distributions and Fragmentation Functions from a Global QCD Analysis Ethier, J. J.; Sato, N.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 119, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.132001	journal	September 2017
First Monte Carlo Global Analysis of Nucleon Transversity with Lattice QCD Constraints Lin, H. -W.; Melnitchouk, W.; Prokudin, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.152502	journal	April 2018
Revealing Color Forces with Transverse Polarized Electron Scattering Armstrong, W.; Kang, H.; Liyanage, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.022002	journal	January 2019
Transversity Distributions and Tensor Charges of the Nucleon: Extraction from Dihadron Production and Their Universal Nature Cocuzza, C.; Metz, A.; Pitonyak, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 132, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.091901	journal	February 2024
Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order Global Analysis of Polarized Parton Distribution Functions Borsa, Ignacio; Stratmann, Marco; Vogelsang, Werner Physical Review Letters, Vol. 133, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.151901	journal	October 2024
New Data-Driven Constraints on the Sign of Gluon Polarization in the Proton Hunt-Smith, N. T.; Cocuzza, C.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 133, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.161901	journal	October 2024
New Measurement of Deep-Inelastic e − p Asymmetries Baum, G.; Bergström, M. R.; Bolton, P. R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 51, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.1135	journal	September 1983
Precision Determination of the Neutron Spin Structure Function g 1 n Abe, K.; Akagi, T.; Anderson, B. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 79, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.26	journal	July 1997
Experimental Determination of the Evolution of the Bjorken Integral at Low Q 2 Deur, A.; Bosted, P.; Burkert, V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.212001	journal	November 2004
Longitudinal Double-Spin Asymmetry and Cross Section for Inclusive Jet Production in Polarized Proton Collisions at s = 200 GeV Abelev, B. I.; Aggarwal, M. M.; Ahammed, Z. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 97, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.252001	journal	December 2006
Charge symmetry at the partonic level Londergan, J. T.; Peng, J. C.; Thomas, A. W. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 82, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.2009	journal	July 2010
Measurement of the virtual-photon asymmetry A 2 and the spin-structure function g 2 of the proton Airapetian, A.; Akopov, N.; Akopov, Z. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 72, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-012-1921-5	journal	March 2012

Similar Records

First study of polarized proton-proton scattering with small-𝑥 helicity evolution

Journal Article · Tue Nov 18 19:00:00 EST 2025 · Physical Review. D. · OSTI ID:3004721

Di-hadron production at Jefferson Lab

Conference · Wed Oct 01 00:00:00 EDT 2014 · OSTI ID:1222970

Strangeness in the proton from $W+$ charm production and SIDIS data

Journal Article · Thu Nov 06 19:00:00 EST 2025 · Physical Review. D. · OSTI ID:3001566

Related Subjects

Perturbative QCD
Quantum chromodynamics
Strong interaction

Global QCD analysis of spin PDFs in the proton with high-𝑥 and lattice constraints

Citation Formats

References (127)

Similar Records

Related Subjects