Apatite geochemistry as a tool for understanding the petrogenesis of layered mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Zowa, Peace; Hayes, Ben; Bybee, Grant; Zirakparvar, N. Alex

doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2025.108347

Apatite geochemistry as a tool for understanding the petrogenesis of layered mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

Journal Article · Sun Nov 30 00:00:00 EST 2025 · Lithos

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2025.108347· OSTI ID:3007869

Zowa, Peace ^[1]; Hayes, Ben ^[1]; Bybee, Grant ^[1]; ^[2]

Univ. of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

The sources of the magmas that formed the Rustenburg Layered Suite of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa remain debated, despite decades of research. Vertical and lateral variation in bulk rock and mineral separate Sr-Nd isotopic compositions, which generally indicate enriched sources, demonstrate that the layered sequence was formed by the emplacement of multiple batches of magma, crucially resulting in episodes of PGE-Cr-V mineralisation. The Lu-Hf isotope compositions of zircon are, however, at odds with the bulk rock Sr-Nd isotopic heterogeneity as they show near homogeneous compositions throughout the layered sequence (εHf_{(2.06 Ga)}=−8). This lack of variation in Hf isotope composition has been attributed to deep, continental lithospheric mantle-related and/or crustal contamination of plume-derived Bushveld magmas. In this study, we analysed the major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of apatite in the Rustenburg Layered Suite. Apatite occurs as an intercumulus mineral in the lowermost regions and a cumulus mineral in the uppermost regions of the layered sequence and can therefore be used to test existing models for the isotopic disequilibrium between bulk rock Sr-Nd and zircon Hf isotopic compositions. Apatite is largely chlorapatite in the lowermost regions and fluorapatite in the uppermost regions of the layered sequence. The Merensky Reef is unusual in that it comprises both chlorapatite and fluorapatite. Apatite throughout the layered sequence is generally unzoned and shows no evidence of late-stage alteration. Trace element data show that apatite is enriched in L/HREE, with common negative Eu-Sr anomalies. These trace element signatures are consistent with a magmatic origin for the apatite grains, with prior, or concurrent, plagioclase crystallization from the same melt. Variability in in situ Sr and Nd isotope compositions of apatite is recorded throughout the layered sequence with εNd_{(2.06 Ga)} compositions varying between −2.5 and − 10.2 and initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr compositions varying between 0.7079 and 0.7103 (for the Marikana dikes only). The variability in Sr-Nd isotope compositions of apatite is consistent with the bulk rock (and mineral separate) variation in Sr-Nd isotope compositions, suggesting apatite preserves primary magmatic compositions in the Rustenburg Layered Suite.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 3007869

Journal Information:: Lithos, Journal Name: Lithos Vol. 522-523; ISSN 0024-4937

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Apatite
Bushveld Complex
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Rustenburg Layered Suite
Sr-Nd isotopes

Apatite geochemistry as a tool for understanding the petrogenesis of layered mafic-ultramafic rocks in the Bushveld Complex, South Africa

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