A regional comparison of sub-daily flow variability in regulated and unregulated rivers in the United States

Bozeman, Bryan B.; Hansen, Carly H.; Pracheil, Brenda M.; Matson, Paul G.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180536

A regional comparison of sub-daily flow variability in regulated and unregulated rivers in the United States

Journal Article · Mon Sep 22 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Science of the Total Environment

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180536· OSTI ID:3002507

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Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Regulating rivers for hydropower or other purposes can dramatically alter river flow patterns, including creating substantial changes in flow over short, minutes-to-hours-long timespans known as sub-daily flow variability (SDFV). The impacts of flexible hydropower production on flow and aquatic organisms are increasingly documented in research. However, the degree to which flow alteration relates to different hydropower operational modes in distinct geographical regions and seasons is not well understood. This study offers a methodology for regional- and species-appropriate evaluations of potential impacts of flow on fish based on sub-daily flow characteristics of hydropower operational modes. We analyzed 15-min discharge data between 2018 and 2021 from 69 USGS stream gages to compare SDFV in hydropeaking, run-of-river, and unregulated systems in the US Southeast and Pacific Northwest. Regulated systems exhibited significant SDFV downstream from hydropower facilities relative to unregulated systems, but specific impacts differed between regions. Regulated systems in the Southeast were characterized by high flow coefficients of variation and ratios (hydropeaking only) and extended durations of daily upramping flow phases. Regulated systems in the Pacific Northwest were characterized by many short flow phases per day and large portions of the day spent upramping. Pacific Northwest unregulated systems displayed the strongest seasonal flow patterns while Southeastern hydropeaking systems displayed the greatest SDFV. Given that SDFV impacts multiple dimensions of fish ecology, region-specific sub-daily flow signatures have important implications for understanding and mitigating potential community-, species-, and age-specific effects on fish in different parts of the country.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Water Power Technologies Office

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 3002507

Journal Information:: Science of the Total Environment, Journal Name: Science of the Total Environment Vol. 1001; ISSN 0048-9697

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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