Window Observables for Benchmarking Parton Distribution Functions

Karpie, Joe; Monahan, Christopher J.; Orginos, Kostas; Zafeiropoulos, Savvas

doi:10.1103/q6jl-816j

Window Observables for Benchmarking Parton Distribution Functions

Journal Article · Mon Nov 03 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Physical Review Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/q6jl-816j· OSTI ID:3000828

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[4]

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO (United States)
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille (France); Univ. de Toulon (France

Global analysis of collider and fixed-target experimental data and calculations from lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) are used to gain complementary information on the structure of hadrons. We propose novel “window observables” that allow for higher precision cross-validation between the different approaches, a critical step for studies that wish to combine the datasets. Global analyses are limited by the kinematic regions accessible to experiment, particularly in a range of Bjorken-𝑥, and lattice QCD calculations also have limitations requiring extrapolations to obtain the parton distributions. We provide two different window observables that can be defined within a region of 𝑥 where extrapolations and interpolations in global analyses remain reliable and where lattice QCD results retain sensitivity and precision.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR). Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities (SUF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC05-00OR22725; AC05-06OR23177; FG02-04ER41302; SC0023047; SC0023646; SC0025908

Other Award/Contract Number:: ANR-23-CE31-0019
PHY-1626177
(2020-2024)-A0080511504

OSTI ID:: 3000828

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 3021192

Report Number(s):: DOE/OR/23177--7871; JLAB-THY--25-4347; arXiv:2505.22795

Journal Information:: Physical Review Letters, Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 135; ISSN 0031-9007; ISSN 1079-7114

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (53)

Neural-network analysis of Parton Distribution Functions from Ioffe-time pseudodistributions Del Debbio, Luigi; Giani, Tommaso; Karpie, Joseph Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2021, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP02(2021)138	journal	February 2021
Reconstructing parton distribution functions from Ioffe time data: from Bayesian methods to neural networks Karpie, Joseph; Orginos, Kostas; Rothkopf, Alexander Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP04(2019)057	journal	April 2019
Cut moments and a generalization of DGLAP equations Kotlorz, D.; Mikhailov, S. V. Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2014, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP06(2014)065	journal	June 2014
Parton distributions from lattice data: the nonsinglet case Cichy, Krzysztof; Del Debbio, Luigi; Giani, Tommaso Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP10(2019)137	journal	October 2019
Moments of Ioffe time parton distribution functions from non-local matrix elements Karpie, Joseph; Orginos, Kostas; Zafeiropoulos, Savvas Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2018)178	journal	November 2018
The continuum and leading twist limits of parton distribution functions in lattice QCD Karpie, Joseph; Orginos, Kostas; Radyushkin, Anatoly Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2021, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP11(2021)024	journal	November 2021
Space-time picture of photon and neutrino scattering and electroproduction cross section asymptotics Ioffe, B. L. Physics Letters B, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(69)90415-8	journal	September 1969
A general method for non-perturbative renormalization of lattice operators Martinelli, G.; Pittori, C.; Sachrajda, C. T. Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 445, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0550-3213(95)00126-D	journal	July 1995
Solving the Altarelli–Parisi equations with truncated moments Piccione, Andrea Physics Letters B, Vol. 518, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)01059-0	journal	October 2001
Truncated moments of parton distributions Forte, Stefano; Magnea, Lorenzo Physics Letters B, Vol. 448, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(99)00065-9	journal	February 1999
Evolution of truncated moments of singlet parton distributions Forte, Stefano; Magnea, Lorenzo; Piccione, Andrea Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 594, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0550-3213(00)00670-2	journal	January 2001
Solving lattice QCD systems of equations using mixed precision solvers on GPUs Clark, M. A.; Babich, R.; Barros, K. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 181, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2010.05.002	journal	September 2010
The Chroma Software System for Lattice QCD Edwards, Robert G.; Joó, Bálint Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements, Vol. 140 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.11.254	journal	March 2005
Evolution equations for truncated moments of the parton distributions Kotlorz, Dorota; Kotlorz, Andrzej Physics Letters B, Vol. 644, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2006.11.054	journal	January 2007
The anomalous magnetic moment of the muon in the Standard Model Aoyama, T.; Asmussen, N.; Benayoun, M. Physics Reports, Vol. 887 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physrep.2020.07.006	journal	December 2020
Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: A community white paper Lin, Huey-Wen; Nocera, Emanuele R.; Olness, Fred Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 100 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2018.01.007	journal	May 2018
Parton distributions and lattice-QCD calculations: Toward 3D structure Constantinou, Martha; Courtoy, Aurore; Ebert, Markus A. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2021.103908	journal	November 2021
Foundations of Perturbative QCD Collins, John Cambridge Monographs on Particle Physics, Nuclear Physics, and Cosmology https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511975592	book	May 2011
Moments from Momentum Derivatives in Lattice QCD Pang, Zhuoyi; Zhang, Jianhui; Zhao, Dianjun Chinese Physics C https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-1137/aded04	journal	July 2025
Quark-hadron duality and truncated moments of nucleon structure functions Psaker, A.; Melnitchouk, W.; Christy, M. E. Physical Review C, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.025206	journal	August 2008
Towards the nucleon hadronic tensor from lattice QCD Liang, Jian; Draper, Terrence; Liu, Keh-Fei Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.101.114503	journal	June 2020
Parton distribution functions from lattice QCD using Bayes-Gauss-Fourier transforms Alexandrou, Constantia; Iannelli, Giovanni; Jansen, Karl Physical Review D, Vol. 102, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.094508	journal	November 2020
Transversity parton distribution function of the nucleon using the pseudodistribution approach Egerer, Colin; Kallidonis, Christos; Karpie, Joseph Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.034507	journal	February 2022
Precision nucleon charges and form factors using ( 2 + 1 )-flavor lattice QCD Park, Sungwoo; Gupta, Rajan; Yoon, Boram Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.054505	journal	March 2022
Updated QCD global analysis of single transverse-spin asymmetries: Extracting H˜ , and the role of the Soffer bound and lattice QCD Gamberg, Leonard; Malda, Michel; Miller, Joshua A. Physical Review D, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.106.034014	journal	August 2022
Gluon helicity in the nucleon from lattice QCD and machine learning Khan, Tanjib; Liu, Tianbo; Sufian, Raza Sabbir Physical Review D, Vol. 108, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.108.074502	journal	October 2023
First simultaneous global QCD analysis of dihadron fragmentation functions and transversity parton distribution functions Cocuzza, C.; Metz, A.; Pitonyak, D. Physical Review D, Vol. 109, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.109.034024	journal	February 2024
Simple nonparametric reconstruction of parton distributions from limited Fourier information Dutrieux, Hervé; Karpie, Joseph; Orginos, Kostas Physical Review D, Vol. 111, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.034515	journal	February 2025
Polarized and unpolarized gluon PDFs: Generative machine learning applications for lattice QCD matrix elements at short distance and large momentum Chowdhury, Talal Ahmed; Izubuchi, Taku; Kamruzzaman, Methun Physical Review D, Vol. 111, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.111.074509	journal	April 2025
Ioffe-time distributions instead of parton momentum distributions in the description of deep inelastic scattering Braun, V.; Górnicki, P.; Mankiewicz, L. Physical Review D, Vol. 51, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.51.6036	journal	June 1995
Renormalization of quark bilinear operators in a momentum-subtraction scheme with a nonexceptional subtraction point Sturm, C.; Aoki, Y.; Christ, N. H. Physical Review D, Vol. 80, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.80.014501	journal	July 2009
Exploring quark transverse momentum distributions with lattice QCD Musch, B. U.; Hägler, Ph.; Negele, J. W. Physical Review D, Vol. 83, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.094507	journal	May 2011
Helicity parton distributions at a future electron-ion collider: A quantitative appraisal Aschenauer, Elke C.; Stratmann, Marco; Sassot, Rodolfo Physical Review D, Vol. 86, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.86.054020	journal	September 2012
Isovector charges of the nucleon from 2 + 1 -flavor QCD with clover fermions Yoon, Boram; Jang, Yong-Chull; Gupta, Rajan Physical Review D, Vol. 95, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.074508	journal	April 2017
Quasi-parton distribution functions, momentum distributions, and pseudo-parton distribution functions Radyushkin, A. V. Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.034025	journal	August 2017
Parton distribution functions from reduced Ioffe-time distributions Zhang, Jian-Hui; Chen, Jiunn-Wei; Monahan, Christopher Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.97.074508	journal	April 2018
One-loop evolution of parton pseudo-distribution functions on the lattice Radyushkin, Anatoly Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.014019	journal	July 2018
Factorization theorem relating Euclidean and light-cone parton distributions Izubuchi, Taku; Ji, Xiangdong; Jin, Luchang Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.056004	journal	September 2018
Controlling excited-state contributions with distillation in lattice QCD calculations of nucleon isovector charges g S u − d , g A u − d , g T u − d Egerer, Colin; Richards, David; Winter, Frank Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.99.034506	journal	February 2019
Parton Physics on a Euclidean Lattice Ji, Xiangdong Physical Review Letters, Vol. 110, Issue 26 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.262002	journal	June 2013
Exploring Partonic Structure of Hadrons Using ab initio Lattice QCD Calculations Ma, Yan-Qing; Qiu, Jian-Wei Physical Review Letters, Vol. 120, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.022003	journal	January 2018
Calculation of the Hadronic Vacuum Polarization Contribution to the Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment Blum, T.; Boyle, P. A.; Gülpers, V. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.022003	journal	July 2018
Extraction of Next-to-Next-to-Leading-Order Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD Calculations Li, Zheng-Yang; Ma, Yan-Qing; Qiu, Jian-Wei Physical Review Letters, Vol. 126, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.072001	journal	February 2021
Transversity Distributions and Tensor Charges of the Nucleon: Extraction from Dihadron Production and Their Universal Nature Cocuzza, C.; Metz, A.; Pitonyak, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 132, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.091901	journal	February 2024
Large-momentum effective theory Ji, Xiangdong; Liu, Yizhuang; Liu, Yu-Sheng Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 93, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.93.035005	journal	August 2021
Evolution of the truncated Mellin moments of the parton distributions in QCD analysis Kotlorz, Dorota; Kotlorz, Andrzej Physics of Particles and Nuclei Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1547477114040153	journal	July 2014
Electron-Ion Collider: The next QCD frontier: Understanding the glue that binds us all Accardi, A.; Albacete, J. L.; Anselmino, M. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 52, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2016-16268-9	journal	September 2016
Strong interaction physics at the luminosity frontier with 22 GeV electrons at Jefferson Lab Accardi, A.; Achenbach, P.; Adhikari, D. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 60, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01282-x	journal	September 2024
Exclusive processes in position space and the pion distribution amplitude Braun, V. M.; Müller, D. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 55, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-008-0608-4	journal	May 2008
RI′/SMOM scheme amplitudes for quark currents at two loops Gracey, J. A. The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 71, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-011-1567-8	journal	March 2011
Bayesian inference with Gaussian processes for the determination of parton distribution functions Candido, Alessandro; Debbio, Luigi Del; Giani, Tommaso The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 84, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-024-13100-1	journal	July 2024
Analysis of DIS structure functions of the nucleon within truncated Mellin moments approach Kotlorz, Dorota; Kotlorz, Andrzej International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 31, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X16501815	journal	December 2016
Optimizing Dirac Wilson Operator and linear solvers for Intel KNL Joó, Bálint; Walden, Aaron; Kalamkar, Dhiraj. D. ISC High Performance 2016: High Performance Computing https://doi.org/10.2172/1988224	conference	October 2016

Similar Records

Window observables for benchmarking parton distribution functions

Journal Article · Wed Oct 01 00:00:00 UTC 2025 · Physical Review Letters · OSTI ID:2997586

Related Subjects

lattice QCD
nucleons
parton distribution functions

Window Observables for Benchmarking Parton Distribution Functions

Citation Formats

References (53)

Similar Records

Related Subjects