Optically accessible high-finesse millimeter-wave resonator for cavity quantum electrodynamics with atom arrays

Zhang, Tony; Wu, Michelle; Cohen, Sam R.; Xin, Lin; Das, Debadri; Multani, Kevin K.S.; Peard, Nolan; Valente-Feliciano, Anne-Marie; Welander, Paul B.; Safavi-Naeini, Amir H.; Nanni, Emilio A.; Schleier-Smith, Monika

doi:10.1103/4b8v-qdcj

Optically accessible high-finesse millimeter-wave resonator for cavity quantum electrodynamics with atom arrays

Journal Article · Mon Oct 06 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Physical Review Applied

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/4b8v-qdcj· OSTI ID:2998353

^[1]; ^[2]; Cohen, Sam R. ^[2]; ^[1]; Das, Debadri ^[3]; ^[1]; Peard, Nolan ^[2]; ^[4]; ^[5]; ^[2]; ^[5]; ^[1]

Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (QED) is a powerful tool in quantum science, enabling preparation of nonclassical states of light and scalable entanglement of many atoms coupled to a single field mode. While the most coherent atom-photon interactions have been achieved using superconducting millimeter-wave cavities coupled to Rydberg atoms, these platforms so far lack the optical access required for trapping and addressing individual atomic qubits. We present a millimeter-wave Fabry-Pérot cavity with finesse 5.8⁢(1) ×10⁷ at a temperature of 1 K providing generous transverse optical access (numerical aperture 0.56). Conflicting goals of strong atom-photon coupling and optical access motivate a near-confocal geometry. Close to confocality, however, postparaxial corrections to the cavity spectrum introduce unexpected degeneracies between transverse modes, leading to excess cavity loss. Modeling these corrections allows for tuning the cavity geometry to evade this loss, producing a high finesse that will enable cavity QED experiments with trapped atoms deep in the strong coupling regime.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF); US Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research (ONR); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; AC05-06OR23177; SC0014664

OSTI ID:: 2998353

Report Number(s):: DOE/OR/23177--7885; JLAB-ACC--25-4374

Journal Information:: Physical Review Applied, Journal Name: Physical Review Applied Journal Issue: 4 Vol. 24; ISSN 2331-7019

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (73)

ARC: An open-source library for calculating properties of alkali Rydberg atoms Šibalić, N.; Pritchard, J. D.; Adams, C. S. Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2017.06.015	journal	November 2017
Fidelity of quantum operations Pedersen, Line Hjortshøj; Møller, Niels Martin; Mølmer, Klaus Physics Letters A, Vol. 367, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2007.02.069	journal	July 2007
Quantum jumps of light recording the birth and death of a photon in a cavity Gleyzes, Sébastien; Kuhr, Stefan; Guerlin, Christine Nature, Vol. 446, Issue 7133 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05589	journal	March 2007
Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus Majer, J.; Chow, J. M.; Gambetta, J. M. Nature, Vol. 449, Issue 7161 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature06184	journal	September 2007
Reconstruction of non-classical cavity field states with snapshots of their decoherence Deléglise, Samuel; Dotsenko, Igor; Sayrin, Clément Nature, Vol. 455, Issue 7212 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07288	journal	September 2008
Supermode-density-wave-polariton condensation with a Bose–Einstein condensate in a multimode cavity Kollár, Alicia J.; Papageorge, Alexander T.; Vaidya, Varun D. Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms14386	journal	February 2017
Anyonic interferometry and protected memories in atomic spin lattices Jiang, Liang; Brennen, Gavin K.; Gorshkov, Alexey V. Nature Physics, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys943	journal	April 2008
Cavity-induced quantum spin liquids Chiocchetta, Alessio; Kiese, Dominik; Zelle, Carl Philipp Nature Communications, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-26076-3	journal	October 2021
Time-reversal-based quantum metrology with many-body entangled states Colombo, Simone; Pedrozo-Peñafiel, Edwin; Adiyatullin, Albert F. Nature Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-022-01653-5	journal	July 2022
Graph states of atomic ensembles engineered by photon-mediated entanglement Cooper, Eric S.; Kunkel, Philipp; Periwal, Avikar Nature Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41567-024-02407-1	journal	March 2024
Programmable interactions and emergent geometry in an array of atom clouds Periwal, Avikar; Cooper, Eric S.; Kunkel, Philipp Nature, Vol. 600, Issue 7890 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04156-0	journal	December 2021
Entanglement-enhanced matter-wave interferometry in a high-finesse cavity Greve, Graham P.; Luo, Chengyi; Wu, Baochen Nature, Vol. 610, Issue 7932 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05197-9	journal	October 2022
Quantum-enabled millimetre wave to optical transduction using neutral atoms Kumar, Aishwarya; Suleymanzade, Aziza; Stone, Mark Nature, Vol. 615, Issue 7953 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-05740-2	journal	March 2023
Density-wave ordering in a unitary Fermi gas with photon-mediated interactions Helson, Victor; Zwettler, Timo; Mivehvar, Farokh Nature, Vol. 618, Issue 7966 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06018-3	journal	May 2023
High-threshold and low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum memory Bravyi, Sergey; Cross, Andrew W.; Gambetta, Jay M. Nature, Vol. 627, Issue 8005 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07107-7	journal	March 2024
Fusion of deterministically generated photonic graph states Thomas, Philip; Ruscio, Leonardo; Morin, Olivier Nature, Vol. 629, Issue 8012 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07357-5	journal	May 2024
High-order azimuthal modes in the open resonator Yu, P. K.; Luk, K. M. Electronics Letters, Vol. 19, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1049/el:19830366	journal	July 1983
Ultrahigh finesse Fabry-Pérot superconducting resonator Kuhr, S.; Gleyzes, S.; Guerlin, C. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2724816	journal	April 2007
A tunable high-Q millimeter wave cavity for hybrid circuit and cavity QED experiments Suleymanzade, Aziza; Anferov, Alexander; Stone, Mark Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5137900	journal	March 2020
Superconducting RF materials other than bulk niobium: a review Valente-Feliciano, Anne-Marie Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 29, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-2048/29/11/113002	journal	September 2016
Harnessing the mode mixing in optical fiber-tip cavities Podoliak, Nina; Takahashi, Hiroki; Keller, Matthias Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, Vol. 50, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6455/aa640a	journal	March 2017
Theory of RF superconductivity for resonant cavities Gurevich, Alex Superconductor Science and Technology, Vol. 30, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/30/3/034004	journal	January 2017
Frequency splitting of polarization eigenmodes in microscopic Fabry–Perot cavities Uphoff, Manuel; Brekenfeld, Manuel; Rempe, Gerhard New Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/1/013053	journal	January 2015
Transverse-mode coupling and diffraction loss in tunable Fabry–Pérot microcavities Benedikter, Julia; Hümmer, Thomas; Mader, Matthias New Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/17/5/053051	journal	May 2015
Modal analysis of the ultrahigh finesse Haroche QED cavity Marsic, Nicolas; Gersem, Herbert De; Demésy, Guillaume New Journal of Physics, Vol. 20, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/aab6fd	journal	April 2018
Interacting Circular Rydberg Atoms Trapped in Optical Tweezers Méhaignerie, P.; Machu, Y.; Durán Hernández, A. PRX Quantum, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010353	journal	March 2025
High Optical Access Cryogenic System for Rydberg Atom Arrays with a 3000-Second Trap Lifetime Zhang, Zhenpu; Hsu, Ting-Wei; Tan, Ting You PRX Quantum, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.020337	journal	May 2025
Observation of microcavity fine structure Koks, C.; Baalbergen, F. B.; van Exter, M. P. Physical Review A, Vol. 105, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.105.063502	journal	June 2022
Fine structure in Fabry-Perot microcavity spectra van Exter, M. P.; Wubs, M.; Hissink, E. Physical Review A, Vol. 106, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.106.013501	journal	July 2022
From Maxwell to paraxial wave optics Lax, Melvin; Louisell, William H.; McKnight, William B. Physical Review A, Vol. 11, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.11.1365	journal	April 1975
Nonlocal multiqubit quantum gates via a driven cavity Jandura, Sven; Srivastava, Vineesha; Pecorari, Laura Physical Review A, Vol. 110, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.110.062610	journal	December 2024
Entanglement and quantum computation with ions in thermal motion Sørensen, Anders; Mølmer, Klaus Physical Review A, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.62.022311	journal	July 2000
Natural two-qubit gate for quantum computation using the XY interaction Schuch, Norbert; Siewert, Jens Physical Review A, Vol. 67, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.67.032301	journal	March 2003
Diffraction-limited high-finesse optical cavities Kleckner, Dustin; Irvine, William T. M.; Oemrawsingh, Sumant S. R. Physical Review A, Vol. 81, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.81.043814	journal	April 2010
Hybrid atom-photon quantum gate in a superconducting microwave resonator Pritchard, J. D.; Isaacs, J. A.; Beck, M. A. Physical Review A, Vol. 89, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.89.010301	journal	January 2014
Fast adiabatic qubit gates using only σ z control Martinis, John M.; Geller, Michael R. Physical Review A, Vol. 90, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.90.022307	journal	August 2014
Long-range quantum gate via Rydberg states of atoms in a thermal microwave cavity Sárkány, Lőrinc; Fortágh, József; Petrosyan, David Physical Review A, Vol. 92, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.92.030303	journal	September 2015
Single Atoms with 6000-Second Trapping Lifetimes in Optical-Tweezer Arrays at Cryogenic Temperatures Schymik, Kai-Niklas; Pancaldi, Sara; Nogrette, Florence Physical Review Applied, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.16.034013	journal	September 2021
Rearrangement of individual atoms in a 2000-site optical-tweezer array at cryogenic temperatures Pichard, Grégoire; Lim, Desiree; Bloch, Étienne Physical Review Applied, Vol. 22, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.22.024073	journal	August 2024
Universal Gate for Fixed-Frequency Qubits via a Tunable Bus McKay, David C.; Filipp, Stefan; Mezzacapo, Antonio Physical Review Applied, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.064007	journal	December 2016
Tradeoffs for Reliable Quantum Information Storage in 2D Systems Bravyi, Sergey; Poulin, David; Terhal, Barbara Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.050503	journal	February 2010
Implementation of Cavity Squeezing of a Collective Atomic Spin Leroux, Ian D.; Schleier-Smith, Monika H.; Vuletić, Vladan Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.073602	journal	February 2010
Cavity-Based Single Atom Preparation and High-Fidelity Hyperfine State Readout Gehr, Roger; Volz, Jürgen; Dubois, Guilhem Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.203602	journal	May 2010
14-Qubit Entanglement: Creation and Coherence Monz, Thomas; Schindler, Philipp; Barreiro, Julio T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.130506	journal	March 2011
Driving Rydberg-Rydberg Transitions from a Coplanar Microwave Waveguide Hogan, S. D.; Agner, J. A.; Merkt, F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 108, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.063004	journal	February 2012
Heralded Entanglement of Two Ions in an Optical Cavity Casabone, B.; Stute, A.; Friebe, K. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 111, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.100505	journal	September 2013
Approaching the Heisenberg Limit without Single-Particle Detection Davis, Emily; Bentsen, Gregory; Schleier-Smith, Monika Physical Review Letters, Vol. 116, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.053601	journal	February 2016
Photon-Mediated Spin-Exchange Dynamics of Spin-1 Atoms Davis, Emily J.; Bentsen, Gregory; Homeier, Lukas Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.010405	journal	January 2019
Coupling Rydberg Atoms to Microwave Fields in a Superconducting Coplanar Waveguide Resonator Morgan, A. A.; Hogan, S. D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 124, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.124.193604	journal	May 2020
Minimal Model for Fast Scrambling Belyansky, Ron; Bienias, Przemyslaw; Kharkov, Yaroslav A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 125, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.130601	journal	September 2020
Quantifying Nonlocality: How Outperforming Local Quantum Codes Is Expensive Baspin, Nouédyn; Krishna, Anirudh Physical Review Letters, Vol. 129, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.050505	journal	July 2022
Mid-Circuit Cavity Measurement in a Neutral Atom Array Deist, Emma; Lu, Yue-Hui; Ho, Jacquelyn Physical Review Letters, Vol. 129, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.203602	journal	November 2022
Spin- and Momentum-Correlated Atom Pairs Mediated by Photon Exchange and Seeded by Vacuum Fluctuations Finger, Fabian; Rosa-Medina, Rodrigo; Reiter, Nicola Physical Review Letters, Vol. 132, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.093402	journal	February 2024
Quadrupole Coupling of Circular Rydberg Qubits to Inner Shell Excitations Wirth, M.; Hölzl, C.; Götzelmann, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 133, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.123403	journal	September 2024
Site-Selective Cavity Readout and Classical Error Correction of a 5-Bit Atomic Register Hu, Beili; Sinclair, Josiah; Bytyqi, Edita Physical Review Letters, Vol. 134, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.120801	journal	March 2025
Observation of sub-Poissonian photon statistics in a micromaser Rempe, G.; Schmidt-Kaler, F.; Walther, H. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 64, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2783	journal	June 1990
Generation of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Pairs of Atoms Hagley, E.; Maître, X.; Nogues, G. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 79, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.1	journal	July 1997
Efficient Scheme for Two-Atom Entanglement and Quantum Information Processing in Cavity QED Zheng, Shi-Biao; Guo, Guang-Can Physical Review Letters, Vol. 85, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2392	journal	September 2000
Measurement Induced Entanglement and Quantum Computation with Atoms in Optical Cavities Sørensen, Anders S.; Mølmer, Klaus Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.097905	journal	August 2003
Cavity-driven Rabi oscillations between Rydberg states of atoms trapped on a superconducting atom chip Kaiser, Manuel; Glaser, Conny; Ley, Li Yuan Physical Review Research, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevResearch.4.013207	journal	March 2022
Entanglement and Replica Symmetry Breaking in a Driven-Dissipative Quantum Spin Glass Marsh, Brendan P.; Kroeze, Ronen M.; Ganguli, Surya Physical Review X, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.14.011026	journal	February 2024
Photon-Mediated Quantum Gate between Two Neutral Atoms in an Optical Cavity Welte, Stephan; Hacker, Bastian; Daiss, Severin Physical Review X, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevX.8.011018	journal	February 2018
Rational approximation of frequency domain responses by vector fitting Gustavsen, B.; Semlyen, A. IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/61.772353	journal	July 1999
scikit-rf: An Open Source Python Package for Microwave Network Creation, Analysis, and Calibration [Speaker’s Corner] Arsenovic, Alexander; Hillairet, Julien; Anderson, Jackson IEEE Microwave Magazine, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/MMM.2021.3117139	journal	January 2022
High Order Modes in a Spherical Fabry-Perot Resonator Erickson, C. W. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.1975.1128530	journal	February 1975
Precise measurements of the Q factor of dielectric resonators in the transmission mode-accounting for noise, crosstalk, delay of uncalibrated lines, coupling loss, and coupling reactance Leong, K.; Mazierska, J. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TMTT.2002.802324	journal	September 2002
Deterministic generation of multiparticle entanglement by quantum Zeno dynamics Barontini, G.; Hohmann, L.; Haas, F. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6254 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa0754	journal	September 2015
Quantum phase magnification Hosten, O.; Krishnakumar, R.; Engelsen, N. J. Science, Vol. 352, Issue 6293 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf3397	journal	June 2016
Cavity-mediated collective spin-exchange interactions in a strontium superradiant laser Norcia, Matthew A.; Lewis-Swan, Robert J.; Cline, Julia R. K. Science, Vol. 361, Issue 6399 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aar3102	journal	July 2018
Entanglement transport and a nanophotonic interface for atoms in optical tweezers Ðorđević, Tamara; Samutpraphoot, Polnop; Ocola, Paloma L. Science, Vol. 373, Issue 6562 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abi9917	journal	September 2021
Error-detected quantum operations with neutral atoms mediated by an optical cavity Grinkemeyer, Brandon; Guardado-Sanchez, Elmer; Dimitrova, Ivana Science, Vol. 387, Issue 6740 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adr7075	journal	March 2025
Light scattering described in the mode picture Winkler, W.; Schilling, R.; Danzmann, K. Applied Optics, Vol. 33, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.33.007547	journal	November 1994
Observation of Ince–Gaussian modes in stable resonators Schwarz, Ulrich T.; Bandres, Miguel A.; Gutiérrez-Vega, Julio C. Optics Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.29.001870	journal	August 2004

Similar Records

High Cooperativity Using a Confocal-Cavity–QED Microscope

Journal Article · Wed May 10 20:00:00 EDT 2023 · PRX Quantum · OSTI ID:2423787

Reversible State Transfer between Light and a Single Trapped Atom

Journal Article · Fri May 11 00:00:00 EDT 2007 · Physical Review Letters · OSTI ID:20951352

Optically accessible high-finesse millimeter-wave resonator for cavity quantum electrodynamics with atom arrays

Citation Formats

References (73)

Similar Records

Related Subjects