Laser Measurements and Modeling of Shock Tunnel Freestream Velocity and Multispecies Thermal Nonequilibrium

Jans, Elijah Rhea; Lynch, Kyle Patrick; Wagnild, Ross Martin; Swain, William Everette; Downing, Charley Ray; Gilvey, Jonathan Joseph; Goldenstein, Christopher S.; Kearney, Sean Patrick; Wagner, Justin Lawrence

doi:10.2514/1.J065068

Laser Measurements and Modeling of Shock Tunnel Freestream Velocity and Multispecies Thermal Nonequilibrium

Journal Article · Mon Mar 31 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · AIAA Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.2514/1.J065068· OSTI ID:2997343

^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; ^[1]; Downing, Charley Ray ^[1]; Gilvey, Jonathan Joseph ^[2]; Goldenstein, Christopher S. ^[2]; Kearney, Sean Patrick ^[1]; Wagner, Justin Lawrence ^[1]

Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)
Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and nitric oxide molecular tagging velocimetry (NO-MTV) were used to characterize the freestream in Sandia’s Hypersonic Shock Tunnel (HST) using a burst-mode laser operated at 100 kHz. Experiments were performed at nominal freestream velocities of 3 and 4 km/s using both air and N₂ test gas. The CARS diagnostic provides nonequilibrium characterization of the flow by measuring vibrational and rotational temperatures of N₂ and O₂, which are compared to NO temperatures from separate laser absorption experiments. Simultaneous, collinear freestream velocities were measured using NO MTV along with pitot pressure measurements. Furthermore, this extensive freestream dataset is compared to nonequilibrium CFD that is capable of modeling species-specific, vibrational temperatures throughout the nozzle expansion. Significant nonequilibrium between vibrational and rotational temperatures was measured at each flow condition. N₂ exhibits the most nonequilibrium, followed by O₂ and NO. The CFD model captures this trend, although it consistently overpredicts N₂ and O₂ vibrational temperatures. At 3 km/s, the modeled NO nonequilibrium is underpredicted, whereas it is overpredicted at 4 km/s. Good agreement is seen between CFD and the velocity and rotational temperature measurements. Experiments with water added to the test gas yielded no discernable difference in vibrational relaxation.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Sandia National Laboratories (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0003525

OSTI ID:: 2997343

Report Number(s):: SAND--2025-12571J; 1759724

Journal Information:: AIAA Journal, Journal Name: AIAA Journal Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 63; ISSN 1533-385X; ISSN 0001-1452

Publisher:: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Laser Measurements and Modeling of Shock Tunnel Freestream Velocity and Multispecies Thermal Nonequilibrium

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