High precision measurements of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors and their ratio at 𝑄2 =0.50, 2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV2

Qattan, I. A.; Arrington, J.; Aniol, K.; Baker, O. K.; Beams, R.; Brash, E. J.; Camsonne, A.; Chen, J.-P.; Christy, M. E.; Dutta, D.; Ent, R.; Gaskell, D.; Gayou, O.; Gilman, R.; Hansen, J.-O.; Higinbotham, D. W.; Holt, R. J.; Huber, G. M.; Ibrahim, H.; Jisonna, L.; Jones, M. K.; Keppel, C. E.; Kinney, E.; Kumbartzki, G. J.; Lung, A.; McCormick, K.; Meekins, D.; Michaels, R.; Monaghan, P.; Pentchev, L.; Ransome, R.; Reinhold, J.; Reitz, B.; Sarty, A.; Schulte, E. C.; Slifer, K.; Segel, R. E.; Sulkosky, V.; Yurov, M.; Zheng, X.

doi:10.1103/4vmq-s4c7

High precision measurements of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors and their ratio at 𝑄² =0.50, 2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV²

Journal Article · Wed Sep 17 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Physical Review C

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/4vmq-s4c7· OSTI ID:2589184

Qattan, I. A. ^[1]; ^[2]; Aniol, K. ^[3]; Baker, O. K. ^[4]; ^[5]; Brash, E. J. ^[6]; Camsonne, A. ^[7]; ^[8]; ^[4]; ^[9]; ^[8]; ^[10]; Gayou, O. ^[11]; ^[12]; ^[8]; Higinbotham, D. W. ^[8]; ^[5]; ^[6]; Ibrahim, H. ^[13]; ^[14] more »

Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates); Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
California State University, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
Hampton University, VA (United States)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
University of Regina, Saskatchewan (Canada)
Universit´e Blaise Pascal Clermont-Ferrand et CNRS/IN2P (France)
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA (United States)
University of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States)
College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA (United States)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ (United States); Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA (United States)
Northwestern University, Evanston, IL (United States)
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ (United States)
Florida International University, Miami, FL (United States)
Saint Mary's University, Nova Scotia (Canada)
Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS (United States); Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

The advent of high-intensity, high-polarization electron beams led to significantly improved measurements of the ratio of the proton's charge to electric form factors, G_{E_p}/G_{M_p}. However, high-Q² measurements yielded significant disagreement with extractions based on unpolarized scattering, raising questions about the reliability of the measurements and consistency of the techniques. Jefferson Lab experiment E01-001 was designed to provide a high-precision extraction of G_{E_p}/G_{M_p} from unpolarized cross section measurements using a modified version of the Rosenbluth technique to allow for a more precise comparison with polarization data. Conventional Rosenbluth separations detect the scattered electron which requires comparisons of measurements with very different detected electron energy and rate for electrons at different angles. Our Super-Rosenbluth measurement detected the struck proton, rather than the scattered electron, to extract the cross section. This yielded a fixed momentum for the detected particle and dramatically reduced cross section variation, reducing rate- and momentum-dependent corrections and uncertainties. We measure the cross section vs angle with high relative precision, allowing for extremely precise extractions of G_{E_p}/G_{M_p} at Q² = 2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV². Our results are consistent with traditional extractions but with much smaller corrections and systematic uncertainties, comparable to the uncertainties from polarization measurements. Our data confirm the discrepancy between Rosenbluth and polarization extractions of the proton form factor ratio using an improved Rosenbluth extraction that yields smaller and less-correlated uncertainties than typical of previous Rosenbluth extractions. Here, we compare our results to calculations of two-photon exchange effects and find that the observed discrepancy can be relatively well explained by such effects.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States); University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; AC02-06CH11357; AC05-06OR23177; FG02-88ER40410

OSTI ID:: 2589184

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2997993

Report Number(s):: DOE/OR/23177--7835; JLAB-PHY--25-4277; arXiv:2411.05201

Journal Information:: Physical Review C, Journal Name: Physical Review C Journal Issue: 3 Vol. 112; ISSN 2469-9985; ISSN 2469-9993

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (128)

Two-Boson Exchange Physics: A Brief Review Yang, Shin Nan Few-Body Systems, Vol. 54, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00601-012-0328-z	journal	March 2012
A-dependence of nuclear transparency in quasielastic A(e, ef'p) at high 2 O'Neill, T. G.; Lorenzon, W.; Anthony, P. Physics Letters B, Vol. 351, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(95)00362-O	journal	May 1995
Vertical drift chambers for the Hall A high-resolution spectrometers at Jefferson Lab Fissum, K. G.; Bertozzi, W.; Chen, J. P. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 474, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(01)00875-0	journal	December 2001
The CO2 gas Cherenkov detectors for the Jefferson Lab Hall-A spectrometers Iodice, M.; Cisbani, E.; Colilli, S. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 411, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9002(98)00235-6	journal	July 1998
QED radiative corrections to asymmetries of elastic ep-scattering in hadronic variables Afanasev, A. V.; Akushevich, I.; Ilyichev, A. Physics Letters B, Vol. 514, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0370-2693(01)00816-4	journal	August 2001
Basic instrumentation for Hall A at Jefferson Lab Alcorn, J.; Anderson, B. D.; Aniol, K. A. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 522, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2003.11.415	journal	April 2004
The ratio of proton electromagnetic form factors via recoil polarimetry at MacLachlan, G.; Aghalaryan, A.; Ahmidouch, A. Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 764 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.09.012	journal	January 2006
Calculation of two-photon exchange effects for Δ production in electron–proton collisions Kondratyuk, S.; Blunden, P. G. Nuclear Physics A, Vol. 778, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2006.07.038	journal	October 2006
Measurement of the two-photon exchange contribution in elastic ep scattering at VEPP–3 Gramolin, A. V.; Arrington, J.; Barkov, L. M. Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements, Vol. 225-227 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2012.02.045	journal	April 2012
Review of Particle Physics Eidelman, S.; Hayes, K. G.; Olive, K. A. Physics Letters B, Vol. 592, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2004.06.001	journal	July 2004
Is there model-independent evidence of the two-photon-exchange effect in the electron–proton elastic scattering cross section? Chen, Yu Chun; Kao, Chung Wen; Yang, Shin Nan Physics Letters B, Vol. 652, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2007.07.044	journal	September 2007
High-precision measurement of the proton elastic form factor ratio μpGE/GM at low Q2 Zhan, X.; Allada, K.; Armstrong, D. S. Physics Letters B, Vol. 705, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2011.10.002	journal	November 2011
Proton and neutron electromagnetic form factors and uncertainties Ye, Zhihong; Arrington, John; Hill, Richard J. Physics Letters B, Vol. 777 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2017.11.023	journal	February 2018
Nucleon electromagnetic form factors Perdrisat, C. F.; Punjabi, V.; Vanderhaeghen, M. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 59, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2007.05.001	journal	October 2007
Review of two-photon exchange in electron scattering Arrington, J.; Blunden, P. G.; Melnitchouk, W. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 66, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2011.07.003	journal	October 2011
Two-photon exchange in elastic electron–proton scattering Afanasev, A.; Blunden, P. G.; Hasell, D. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 95 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2017.03.004	journal	July 2017
Physics with CEBAF at 12 GeV and future opportunities Arrington, J.; Battaglieri, M.; Boehnlein, A. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, Vol. 127 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2022.103985	journal	November 2022
The OLYMPUS Experiment at DESY Kohl, M.; Elouadrhiri, Latifa; Grames, Jospeh AIP Conference Proceedings https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3232027	conference	January 2009
Evaluation of the Proton Charge Radius from Electron–Proton Scattering Arrington, John; Sick, Ingo Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, Vol. 44, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4921430	journal	September 2015
Nucleon electromagnetic form factors Arrington, J.; Roberts, C. D.; Zanotti, J. M. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 34, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/34/7/S03	journal	May 2007
Coulomb corrections in the extraction of the proton radius Arrington, John Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/0954-3899/40/11/115003	journal	October 2013
Nucleon Form Factors – A Jefferson Lab Perspective Arrington, John; de Jager, Kees; Perdrisat, Charles F. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 299 https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/299/1/012002	journal	May 2011
Potential Scattering of High-Energy Electrons in Second Born Approximation Lewis, R. R. Physical Review, Vol. 102, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.102.537	journal	April 1956
Proton Polarizability Correction to Electron-Proton Scattering Drell, S. D.; Ruderman, M. A. Physical Review, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.106.561	journal	May 1957
Higher Electromagnetic Corrections to Electron-Proton Scattering Drell, S. D.; Fubini, S. Physical Review, Vol. 113, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.113.741	journal	January 1959
Nucleon Polarizability Correction to High-Energy Electron-Nucleon Scattering Werthamer, N. R.; Ruderman, M. A. Physical Review, Vol. 123, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.123.1005	journal	August 1961
High-Energy Behavior of Nucleon Electromagnetic Form Factors Sachs, R. G. Physical Review, Vol. 126, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.126.2256	journal	June 1962
Two-Photon Exchange in Electron-Proton Scattering Greenhut, Gary K. Physical Review, Vol. 184, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.184.1860	journal	August 1969
The Coulomb Scattering of Relativistic Electrons by Nuclei McKinley, William A.; Feshbach, Herman Physical Review, Vol. 74, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.74.1759	journal	December 1948
Two-photon exchange from intermediate state resonances in elastic electron-proton scattering Ahmed, Jaseer; Blunden, P. G.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review C, Vol. 102, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.102.045205	journal	October 2020
New extraction of the Re+e− elastic scattering cross-section ratio based on a simplified phenomenological hard two-photon-exchange correction approach Qattan, I. A.; Alsaad, A.; Ahmad, A. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 103, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.103.055202	journal	May 2021
Polarization transfer in elastic electron scattering from nucleons and deuterons Arnold, Raymond G.; Carlson, Carl E.; Gross, Franz Physical Review C, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.23.363	journal	January 1981
Empirical fit to the nucleon electromagnetic form factors Bosted, P. E. Physical Review C, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.51.409	journal	January 1995
Coherent π 0 photoproduction on the deuteron up to 4 GeV Meekins, D. G.; Abbott, D. J.; Ahmidouch, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 60, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.60.052201	journal	September 1999
Separated spectral functions for the quasifree 12 C ( e , e ′ p ) reaction Dutta, D.; van Westrum, D.; Abbott, D. Physical Review C, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.61.061602	journal	May 2000
Radiative corrections to electron-proton scattering Maximon, L. C.; Tjon, J. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 62, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.62.054320	journal	October 2000
x and ξ scaling of the nuclear structure function at large x Arrington, J.; Armstrong, C. S.; Averett, T. Physical Review C, Vol. 64, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.014602	journal	June 2001
Measurements of the elastic electromagnetic form factor ratio μ p G Ep / G Mp via polarization transfer Gayou, O.; Wijesooriya, K.; Afanasev, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 64, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.038202	journal	August 2001
Radiative corrections for ( e , e ′ p ) reactions at GeV energies Ent, R.; Filippone, B. W.; Makins, N. C. R. Physical Review C, Vol. 64, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.64.054610	journal	October 2001
High energy angular distribution measurements of the exclusive deuteron photodisintegration reaction Schulte, E. C.; Afanasev, A.; Amarian, M. Physical Review C, Vol. 66, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.042201	journal	October 2002
Nuclear transparency from quasielastic A ( e , e ′ p ) reactions up to Q 2 = 8.1 ( GeV / c ) 2 Garrow, K.; McKee, D.; Ahmidouch, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 66, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.044613	journal	October 2002
Nucleon charge and magnetization densities from Sachs form factors Kelly, James J. Physical Review C, Vol. 66, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.66.065203	journal	December 2002
Separation of the longitudinal and transverse cross sections in the 1 H ( e , e ′ K + ) Λ and 1 H ( e , e ′ K + ) Σ 0 reactions Mohring, R. M.; Abbott, D.; Ahmidouch, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 67, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.67.055205	journal	May 2003
Shapes of the proton Miller, Gerald A. Physical Review C, Vol. 68, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.68.022201	journal	August 2003
How well do we know the electromagnetic form factors of the proton? Arrington, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 68, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.68.034325	journal	September 2003
Quasielastic ( e , e ′ p ) reaction on C 12 , Fe 56 , and Au 197 Dutta, D.; van Westrum, D.; Abbott, D. Physical Review C, Vol. 68, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.68.064603	journal	December 2003
Implications of the discrepancy between proton form factor measurements Arrington, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 69, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.022201	journal	February 2004
Evidence for two-photon exchange contributions in electron-proton and positron-proton elastic scattering Arrington, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 69, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.69.032201	journal	March 2004
Measurements of electron-proton elastic cross sections for 0.4 < Q 2 < 5.5 ( GeV ∕ c ) 2 Christy, M. E.; Ahmidouch, A.; Armstrong, C. S. Physical Review C, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.70.015206	journal	July 2004
Near threshold electroproduction of theωmeson atQ2≈0.5GeV2 Ambrozewicz, P.; Mitchell, J.; Dunne, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 70, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.70.035203	journal	September 2004
Extraction of two-photon contributions to the proton form factors Arrington, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 71, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.71.015202	journal	January 2005
Proton elastic form factor ratios to Q 2 = 3.5 GeV 2 by polarization transfer Punjabi, V.; Perdrisat, C. F.; Aniol, K. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 71, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.71.055202	journal	May 2005
Two-photon exchange in elastic electron-nucleon scattering Blunden, P. G.; Melnitchouk, W.; Tjon, J. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 72, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.72.034612	journal	September 2005
Experimental constraints on nonlinearities induced by two-photon effects in elastic and inelastic Rosenbluth separations Tvaskis, V.; Arrington, J.; Christy, M. E. Physical Review C, Vol. 73, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.73.025206	journal	February 2006
Proton G E / G M from beam-target asymmetry Jones, M. K.; Aghalaryan, A.; Ahmidouch, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.035201	journal	September 2006
Box diagram in the elastic electron-proton scattering Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review C, Vol. 74, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.74.065203	journal	December 2006
Contribution of spin 1/2 and 3/2 resonances to two-photon exchange effects in elastic electron-proton scattering Kondratyuk, S.; Blunden, P. G. Physical Review C, Vol. 75, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.75.038201	journal	March 2007
Two-photon exchange at low Q 2 Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review C, Vol. 75, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.75.038202	journal	March 2007
Precise determination of low- Q nucleon electromagnetic form factors and their impact on parity-violating e - p elastic scattering Arrington, John; Sick, Ingo Physical Review C, Vol. 76, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.035201	journal	September 2007
Global analysis of proton elastic form factor data with two-photon exchange corrections Arrington, J.; Melnitchouk, W.; Tjon, J. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 76, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.76.035205	journal	September 2007
Two-photon exchange in a dispersion approach Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review C, Vol. 78, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.78.025208	journal	August 2008
Electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon: New fit and analysis of uncertainties Alberico, W. M.; Bilenky, S. M.; Giunti, C. Physical Review C, Vol. 79, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.79.065204	journal	June 2009
Realistic transverse images of the proton charge and magnetization densities Venkat, Siddharth; Arrington, John; Miller, Gerald A. Physical Review C, Vol. 83, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.015203	journal	January 2011
Empirical parametrization of the two-photon-exchange effect contributions to the electron-proton elastic scattering cross section Qattan, I. A.; Alsaad, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 83, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.83.054307	journal	May 2011
Low- Q 2 measurements of the proton form factor ratio μ p G E / G M Ron, G.; Zhan, X.; Glister, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 84, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.84.055204	journal	November 2011
Final analysis of proton form factor ratio data at Q 2 = 4.0 , 4.8, and 5.6 GeV 2 Puckett, A. J. R.; Brash, E. J.; Gayou, O. Physical Review C, Vol. 85, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.85.045203	journal	April 2012
Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors Qattan, I. A.; Arrington, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 86, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.86.065210	journal	December 2012
Demonstration of a novel technique to measure two-photon exchange effects in elastic e ± p scattering Moteabbed, M.; Niroula, M.; Raue, B. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 88, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.88.025210	journal	August 2013
Two-photon-exchange amplitude with π N intermediate states: P 33 channel Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.025204	journal	February 2014
Radiative corrections for electron-proton elastic scattering taking into account high orders and hard-photon emission Kuraev, E. A.; Bystritskiy, Yu. M.; Ahmadov, A. I. Physical Review C, Vol. 89, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.89.065207	journal	June 2014
Electric and magnetic form factors of the proton Bernauer, J. C.; Distler, M. O.; Friedrich, J. Physical Review C, Vol. 90, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.90.015206	journal	July 2014
Flavor decomposition of the nucleon electromagnetic form factors at low Q 2 Qattan, I. A.; Arrington, J.; Alsaad, A. Physical Review C, Vol. 91, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.91.065203	journal	June 2015
Reanalysis of Rosenbluth measurements of the proton form factors Gramolin, A. V.; Nikolenko, D. M. Physical Review C, Vol. 93, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.93.055201	journal	May 2016
Phenomenological extraction of two-photon exchange amplitudes from elastic electron-proton scattering cross section data Qattan, I. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.055205	journal	May 2017
Measurement of two-photon exchange effect by comparing elastic e ± p cross sections Rimal, D.; Adikaram, D.; Raue, B. A. Physical Review C, Vol. 95, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.95.065201	journal	June 2017
Polarization transfer observables in elastic electron-proton scattering at Q 2 = 2.5 , 5.2, 6.8, and 8.5 GeV 2 Puckett, A. J. R.; Brash, E. J.; Jones, M. K. Physical Review C, Vol. 96, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.96.055203	journal	November 2017
Improved extraction of two-photon exchange amplitudes from elastic electron-proton scattering cross section data up to Q2=5.20(GeV/c)2 Qattan, I. A.; Homouz, D.; Riahi, M. K. Physical Review C, Vol. 97, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.045201	journal	April 2018
Erratum: Polarization transfer observables in elastic electron-proton scattering at Q 2 = 2 . 5 , 5.2, 6.8, and 8 . 5 GeV 2 [Phys. Rev. C 96 , 055203 (2017)] Puckett, A. J. R.; Brash, E. J.; Jones, M. K. Physical Review C, Vol. 98, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.98.019907	journal	July 2018
Contribution of hard photon emission to the charge asymmetry in elastic lepton- and antilepton-proton scattering Afanasev, Andrei; Ilyichev, Alexander Physical Review D, Vol. 105, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.105.L011301	journal	January 2022
Review of Particle Physics Navas, S.; Amsler, C.; Gutsche, T. Physical Review D, Vol. 110, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.110.030001	journal	August 2024
Neutral-pion photoproduction and proton Compton scattering at large angles Shupe, M. A.; Milburn, R. H.; Quinn, D. J. Physical Review D, Vol. 19, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1921	journal	April 1979
Measurements of the proton elastic form factors for 1 ≤ Q 2 ≤ 3 ( G e V / c ) 2 at SLAC Walker, R. C.; Filippone, B. W.; Jourdan, J. Physical Review D, Vol. 49, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.49.5671	journal	June 1994
Measurements of the electric and magnetic form factors of the proton from Q 2 =1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/ c ) 2 Andivahis, L.; Bosted, P. E.; Lung, A. Physical Review D, Vol. 50, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.50.5491	journal	November 1994
Review of Particle Properties Hagiwara, K.; Hikasa, K.; Nakamura, K. Physical Review D, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.66.010001	journal	July 2002
Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic electron-nucleonscattering at large momentum transfer Afanasev, Andrei V.; Brodsky, Stanley J.; Carlson, Carl E. Physical Review D, Vol. 72, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.72.013008	journal	July 2005
Rosenbluth nonlinearity from two-photon exchange Abidin, Zainul; Carlson, Carl E. Physical Review D, Vol. 77, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.77.037301	journal	February 2008
Perturbative QCD predictions for two-photon exchange Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review D, Vol. 79, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.79.034001	journal	February 2009
Two-photon exchange amplitudes for elastic e p scattering at Q 2 = 2.5 GeV 2 from experimental data Borisyuk, Dmitry; Kobushkin, Alexander Physical Review D, Vol. 83, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.83.057501	journal	March 2011
Two-photon exchange corrections to elastic e − -proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of π N states at low momentum transfers Tomalak, Oleksandr; Pasquini, Barbara; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Physical Review D, Vol. 95, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.95.096001	journal	May 2017
Two-photon exchange contribution to elastic e − -proton scattering: Full dispersive treatment of π N states and comparison with data Tomalak, Oleksandr; Pasquini, Barbara; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.96.096001	journal	November 2017
Recoil Polarization Measurements of the Proton Electromagnetic Form Factor Ratio to Q 2 = 8.5 GeV 2 Puckett, A. J. R.; Brash, E. J.; Jones, M. K. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.242301	journal	June 2010
Polarization Transfer in the He 4 ( e → , e ′ p → ) H 3 Reaction at Q 2 = 0.8 and 1.3 ( GeV / c ) 2 Paolone, M.; Malace, S. P.; Strauch, S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.072001	journal	August 2010
High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton Bernauer, J. C.; Achenbach, P.; Ayerbe Gayoso, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.242001	journal	December 2010
Search for Effects Beyond the Born Approximation in Polarization Transfer Observables in e → p Elastic Scattering Meziane, M.; Brash, E. J.; Gilman, R. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.132501	journal	March 2011
Comment on “High-Precision Determination of the Electric and Magnetic Form Factors of the Proton” Arrington, J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.119101	journal	September 2011
Bernauer et al. Reply: Bernauer, J. C.; Achenbach, P.; Ayerbe Gayoso, C. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 107, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.119102	journal	September 2011
Towards a Resolution of the Proton Form Factor Problem: New Electron and Positron Scattering Data Adikaram, D.; Rimal, D.; Weinstein, L. B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.062003	journal	February 2015
Measurement of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to the Elastic e ± p Scattering Cross Sections at the VEPP-3 Storage Ring Rachek, I. A.; Arrington, J.; Dmitriev, V. F. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 114, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.062005	journal	February 2015
Hard Two-Photon Contribution to Elastic Lepton-Proton Scattering Determined by the OLYMPUS Experiment Henderson, B. S.; Ice, L. D.; Khaneft, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 118, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.092501	journal	March 2017
Form Factors and Two-Photon Exchange in High-Energy Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Christy, M. E.; Gautam, T.; Ou, L. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 128, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.128.102002	journal	March 2022
Novel Measurement of the Neutron Magnetic Form Factor from A=3 Mirror Nuclei Santiesteban, S. N.; Li, S.; Abrams, D. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 132, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.162501	journal	April 2024
Momentum transfer dependence of nuclear transparency from the quasielastic C 12 ( e , e ’ p ) reaction Makins, N. C. R.; Ent, R.; Chapman, M. S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 72, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.1986	journal	March 1994
G E p / G M p Ratio by Polarization Transfer in e → p → e p → Jones, M. K.; Aniol, K. A.; Baker, F. T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 84, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.1398	journal	February 2000
Longitudinal Electroproduction of Charged Pions from H 1 , H 2 , and H 3 e Gaskell, D.; Ahmidouch, A.; Ambrozewicz, P. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 87, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.202301	journal	October 2001
Measurement of G E p / G M p in e → p → e p → to Q 2 = 5.6 GeV 2 Gayou, O.; Aniol, K. A.; Averett, T. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 88, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.88.092301	journal	February 2002
Polarization Transfer in the H e 4 ( e → , e ′ p → ) H 3 Reaction up to Q 2 = 2.6 ( G e V / c ) 2 Strauch, S.; Dieterich, S.; Aniol, K. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.052301	journal	July 2003
How to Reconcile the Rosenbluth and the Polarization Transfer Methods in the Measurement of the Proton Form Factors Guichon, P. A. M.; Vanderhaeghen, M. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.142303	journal	October 2003
Two-Photon Exchange and Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Blunden, P. G.; Melnitchouk, W.; Tjon, J. A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.142304	journal	October 2003
Partonic Calculation of the Two-Photon Exchange Contribution to Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering at Large Momentum Transfer Chen, Y. -C.; Afanasev, A.; Brodsky, S. J. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.122301	journal	September 2004
Angular Distributions for H Λ 3 , 4 Bound States in the H e 3 , 4 ( e , e ′ K + ) Reaction Dohrmann, F.; Ahmidouch, A.; Armstrong, C. S. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.242501	journal	December 2004
Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors Qattan, I. A.; Arrington, J.; Segel, R. E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.142301	journal	April 2005
Two-Photon-Exchange Correction to Parity-Violating Elastic Electron-Proton Scattering Afanasev, Andrei V.; Carlson, Carl E. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.212301	journal	June 2005
Δ Resonance Contribution to Two-Photon Exchange in Electron-Proton Scattering Kondratyuk, S.; Blunden, P. G.; Melnitchouk, W. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 95, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.172503	journal	October 2005
Measurements of the Proton Elastic-Form-Factor Ratio μ p G E p / G M p at Low Momentum Transfer Ron, G.; Glister, J.; Lee, B. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 99, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.202002	journal	November 2007
Radiative Corrections to Elastic and Inelastic ep and up Scattering Mo, L. W.; Tsai, Y. S. Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.41.205	journal	January 1969
Scattering of Polarized Leptons at High Energy Dombey, Norman Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 41, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.41.236	journal	January 1969
Experiments with internal targets at the VEPP-3 electron storage ring Nikolenko, D. M.; Arenhövel, H.; Arrington, J. Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 73, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778810080065	journal	August 2010
Proton form factors and two-photon exchange in elastic electron-proton scattering Nikolenko, D. M.; Arrington, J.; Barkov, L. M. Physics of Atomic Nuclei, Vol. 78, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063778815020234	journal	May 2015
Determination of two-photon exchange amplitudes from elastic electron-proton scattering data Guttmann, J.; Kivel, N.; Meziane, M. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 47, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2011-11077-4	journal	June 2011
Subtracted dispersion relation formalism for the two-photon exchange correction to elastic electron-proton scattering: Comparison with data Tomalak, O.; Vanderhaeghen, M. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 51, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2015-15024-1	journal	February 2015
The structure of the nucleon: Elastic electromagnetic form factors Punjabi, V.; Perdrisat, C. F.; Jones, M. K. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 51, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2015-15079-x	journal	July 2015
An experimental program with high duty-cycle polarized and unpolarized positron beams at Jefferson Lab Accardi, A.; Afanasev, A.; Albayrak, I. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 57, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00564-y	journal	August 2021
A measurement of two-photon exchange in Super-Rosenbluth separations with positron beams Arrington, John R.; Yurov, Mikhail The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 57, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-021-00633-2	journal	November 2021
Radiative corrections: from medium to high energy experiments Afanasev, Andrei; Bernauer, Jan C.; Blunden, Peter The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01281-y	journal	April 2024
Radiative corrections in super rosenbluth experiments Stefan, Quinn; Schmidt, Axel The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 60, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/s10050-024-01446-9	journal	November 2024
T HE C ONTINUOUS E LECTRON B EAM A CCELERATOR F ACILITY : CEBAF at the Jefferson Laboratory Leemann, Christoph W.; Douglas, David R.; Krafft, Geoffrey A. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.51.101701.132327	journal	December 2001
Two-Photon Physics in Hadronic Processes Carlson, Carl E.; Vanderhaeghen, Marc Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123116	journal	November 2007
Two-photon exchange and elastic scattering of positrons/electrons on the proton Nikolenko, Dmitri; Arrington, John; Barkov, L. M. Proceedings of 35th International Conference of High Energy Physics — PoS(ICHEP 2010) https://doi.org/10.22323/1.120.0164	conference	March 2011

Similar Records

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Electromagnetic Form Factors and Their Ratio at Q²=2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV²

Thesis/Dissertation · Wed Nov 30 23:00:00 EST 2005 · OSTI ID:878162

Precision Rosenbluth Measurement of the Proton Elastic Form Factors

Journal Article · Thu Mar 31 23:00:00 EST 2005 · Physical Review Letters · OSTI ID:834054

Related Subjects

Electromagnetic interactions
Form factors

High precision measurements of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors and their ratio at 𝑄2 =0.50, 2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV2

Citation Formats

References (128)

Similar Records

Related Subjects

High precision measurements of the proton elastic electromagnetic form factors and their ratio at 𝑄² =0.50, 2.64, 3.20, and 4.10 GeV²