Linking groundwater variability to ecosystem carbon and water use efficiencies across India

Chakraborty, Abhishek; Sekhar, M.; Bhanja, Soumendra N.; Rao, Lakshminarayana

doi:10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103411

Linking groundwater variability to ecosystem carbon and water use efficiencies across India

Journal Article · Thu Aug 28 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Ecological Informatics

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2025.103411· OSTI ID:2587452

Chakraborty, Abhishek ^[1]; Sekhar, M. ^[2]; ^[3]; Rao, Lakshminarayana ^[2]

University of California, Merced, CA (United States)
Indian Institute of Science Bangalore, Karnataka (India)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE) are important indicators of ecosystem health, reflecting the balance between carbon uptake and allocation, and the relationship between carbon assimilation and water loss. Although India shows large spatiotemporal variation in water table depth (WTD), and increasing groundwater stress, the influence of WTD on ecosystem functioning remains underexplored. This study uses satellite-based, modeled, and in-situ datasets to (1) quantify variations in CUE and WUE under shallow (SWTD) and deep (DWTD) WTD conditions across six homogeneous meteorological regions (HMRs), (2) evaluate temporal roles of gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), and evapotranspiration (ET) in driving these efficiencies, and (3) examine temporal responses to WTD shifts. SWTD regions generally showed 12 to 18 % higher GPP, 10 to 15 % higher NPP, and 10 to 20 % higher ET than DWTD zones, especially in semi-arid croplands and forests, leading to 8 to 12 % higher CUE and WUE. However, in humid and heavily irrigated regions such as northeastern and hilly India, CUE was up to 10 % higher in DWTD zones, possibly due to reduced respiration and better soil aeration compared to SWTD areas affected by waterlogging. During the Kharif (wet) season, DWTD croplands in humid zones had higher efficiencies, while in the Rabi (dry) season, SWTD croplands in northern India benefited from irrigation and cooler temperatures. These results highlight strong influence of WTD on carbon and water use processes and support the need for region-specific groundwater strategies.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 2587452

Journal Information:: Ecological Informatics, Journal Name: Ecological Informatics Vol. 91; ISSN 1574-9541

Publisher:: Elsevier BVCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Why is the Arkavathy River drying? A multiple-hypothesis approach in a data-scarce region Srinivasan, V.; Thompson, S.; Madhyastha, K. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-1905-2015	journal	April 2015
A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model de Graaf, I. E. M.; Sutanudjaja, E. H.; van Beek, L. P. H. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-19-823-2015	journal	January 2015
The influence of water table depth on evapotranspiration in the Amazon arc of deforestation O'Connor, John; Santos, Maria J.; Rebel, Karin T. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, Vol. 23, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-23-3917-2019	journal	September 2019
Development of a new high spatial resolution (0.25° × 0.25°) long period (1901-2010) daily gridded rainfall data set over India and its comparison with existing data sets over the region Pai, D. S.; Rajeevan, M.; Sreejith, O. P. MAUSAM, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v65i1.851	journal	January 2014

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