Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Lin, Yan-Ru; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Zinkle, Steven J.; Snead, Lance L.; Katoh, Yutai

doi:10.1016/j.cossms.2025.101223

Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Journal Article · Mon Apr 28 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cossms.2025.101223· OSTI ID:2573392

^[1]; ^[1]; Zinkle, Steven J. ^[2]; Snead, Lance L. ^[3]; ^[1]

Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Stony Brook Univ., NY (United States)

Ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) offer several potential advantages as plasma-facing components (PFCs) in fusion reactors due to their extreme melting points, tailorable thermal conductivity, and attractive unirradiated mechanical properties including fracture toughness comparable or superior to tungsten. Here, recent developments and material properties of UHTCs are briefly reviewed, along with an overview of limited studies on their responses to neutron irradiation and an evaluation of plasma-surface interactions. Five key research pathways, primarily focused on irradiation effects, for advancing UHTCs in PFC applications are discussed: (1) assessing irradiation effects on the coupled thermal–mechanical performance (2) addressing the lack of studies on irradiation, plasma-surface interactions, and their synergistic effects; (3) investigating high-temperature (>1000 °C) neutron irradiation effects critical for PFC performance; (4) optimizing multi-component UHTC compositions or composites to improve thermal or mechanical properties; (5) enhancing radiation resistance to mitigate microcracking and void swelling through strategies such as increasing sink strength by reducing grain size, introducing fine particles, and leveraging complex concentrated alloy concepts.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Fusion Energy Sciences (FES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; SC0023293

OSTI ID:: 2573392

Journal Information:: Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, Journal Name: Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science Vol. 36; ISSN 1359-0286

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (215)

Nuclear Applications for Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics and MAX Phases Lee, William E.; Giorgi, Edoardo; Harrison, Robert Ultra‐High Temperature Ceramics: Materials for Extreme Environment Applications https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118700853.ch15	book	October 2014
Sputtering by particle bombardment. I. Physical sputtering of single‐element solids. Hg. von R. Behrisch. Topics in applied physics, vol. 47. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York: Springer‐Verlag 1981. X, 281 S., geb. DM 85,–. Schulz, E. Acta Polymerica, Vol. 34, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/actp.1983.010340617	journal	June 1983
Slip in Titanium Carbide Kelly, A.; Rowcliffe, D. J. physica status solidi (b), Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.19660140132	journal	January 1966
First‐principles study of the structural stability and electronic structures of TaN Cao, C. L.; Hou, Z. F.; Yuan, G. physica status solidi (b), Vol. 245, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200844065	journal	July 2008
Mechanical properties of hot isostatically pressed zirconium nitride materials Alexandre, N.; Desmaison-Brut, M.; Valin, F. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 28, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01151669	journal	January 1993
Microstructure and Elevated Temperature Flexure Testing of Tungsten Produced by Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Zhang, Haozhi; Carriere, Paul R.; Amoako, Emmanuel D. JOM, Vol. 75, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-023-06045-5	journal	August 2023
Pressureless sintering of ZrC with variable stoichiometry Schönfeld, Katrin; Martin, Hans-Peter; Michaelis, Alexander Journal of Advanced Ceramics, Vol. 6, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-017-0229-1	journal	June 2017
High-entropy ceramics: Present status, challenges, and a look forward Xiang, Huimin; Xing, Yan; Dai, Fu-zhi Journal of Advanced Ceramics, Vol. 10, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0477-y	journal	April 2021
Advances in ultra-high temperature ceramics, composites, and coatings Ni, Dewei; Cheng, Yuan; Zhang, Jiaping Journal of Advanced Ceramics, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0550-6	journal	December 2021
Compatibility of structural materials with fusion reactor coolant and breeder fluids DeVan, J. H. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 85-86 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(79)90499-9	journal	December 1979
Neutron irradiation damage in MgO, Al2O3 and MgAl2O4 ceramics Clinard, F. W.; Hurley, G. F.; Hobbs, L. W. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 108-109 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(82)90538-4	journal	July 1982
The interaction of tritium with graphite and its impact on tokamak operations Causey, Rion A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 162-164 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(89)90265-1	journal	April 1989
Neutron irradiation effect on the thermal conductivity and dimensional change of graphite materials Maruyama, Tadashi; Harayama, Masaaki Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 195, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(92)90362-O	journal	October 1992
The use of silicon carbide as a tritium permeation barrier Causey, Rion A.; Wampler, William R. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 220-222 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)00623-7	journal	April 1995
Neutron interactions and atomic recoil spectra Greenwood, L. R. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 216 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(94)90004-3	journal	October 1994
Amorphization of intermetallic compounds by ion bombardment Pedraza, D. F. Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 90 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90197-2	journal	June 1987
Physics of transition metal carbides Williams, Wendell S. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 105-106 https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(88)90474-0	journal	November 1988
Sputtering of TiB2 coatings under D+ and 4He+ ion bombardment Kaminsky, M.; Lam, S. K.; Moy, K. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(80)90333-8	journal	November 1980
VB2: A thin film coating on vanadium for reduced tritium inventory in controlled fusion devices Pontau, A. E.; Wilson, K. L. Thin Solid Films, Vol. 73, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(80)90336-3	journal	November 1980
Theory of amorphization kinetics in intermetallics Simonen, E. P. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 16, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(86)90014-5	journal	June 1986
Sputtering yield and morphological changes of TiB2 coatings induced by different incident beams Nenadović, T.; Gaković, B.; Todorović, B. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 115, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-583X(95)01495-0	journal	July 1996
Figures-of-merit for the thermal stress resistance of high-temperature brittle materials: a review Hasselman, D. P. H. Ceramurgia International, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0390-5519(78)90028-5	journal	October 1978
Mechanical properties and oxidation behaviour of HIPed hafnium nitride ceramics Desmaison-Brut, M.; Montintin, J.; Valin, F. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 13, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0955-2219(94)90014-0	journal	January 1994
Radiation-Induced Effects on Microstructure**Prepared for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory under Contract No. DE-AC05-000R22725 Zinkle, S. J. Comprehensive Nuclear Materials https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-056033-5.00003-3	book	February 2012
Neutron irradiation effects on plasma facing materials Barabash, V.; Federici, G.; Rödig, M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00203-8	journal	December 2000
In situ thermal conductivity measurement of ceramics in a fast neutron environment Snead, L. L.; Yamada, R.; Noda, K. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00237-3	journal	December 2000
Anisotropic radiation damage by charge exchange neutrals under tokamak discharges in TRIAM-1M Hirai, T.; Fujiwara, T.; Tokunaga, K. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 290-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00613-9	journal	March 2001
Erosion and outgassing behavior of TiN-coated plasma facing components of the Uragan-3M torsatron Glazunov, G. P.; Volkov, E. D.; Veremeyenko, V. P. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 290-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(00)00628-0	journal	March 2001
Sputtering and codeposition of silicon carbide with deuterium Causey, Rion A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 313-316 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(02)01358-2	journal	March 2003
Fracturing of borides under neutron irradiation Grinik, E. U.; Ogorodnikov, V. V.; Krainy, A. G. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 233-237 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00293-0	journal	October 1996
Selection, development and characterisation of plasma facing materials for ITER Barabash, V.; Akiba, M.; Mazul, I. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 233-237 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(96)00323-6	journal	October 1996
Effects of plasma impurities on materials erosion and mixing in a steady state magnetic fusion device Hirooka, Y. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 258-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00077-4	journal	October 1998
Glass-ceramic joining and coating of SiC/SiC for fusion applications Ferraris, M.; Salvo, M.; Isola, C. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 258-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00176-7	journal	October 1998
An evaluation of potential material–coolant compatibility for applications in advanced fusion reactors Kondo, T.; Watanabe, Y.; Yi, Y. S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 258-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(98)00344-4	journal	October 1998
Defect accumulation behaviour in hcp metals and alloys Woo, C. H. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 276, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3115(99)00172-5	journal	January 2000
Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity in W and W–Re alloys from 300 to 1000 K Tanabe, T.; Eamchotchawalit, C.; Busabok, C. Materials Letters, Vol. 57, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-577X(02)01403-9	journal	June 2003
Amorphization of SiC under ion and neutron irradiation Snead, L. L.; Zinkle, S. J.; Hay, J. C. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 141, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(98)00085-8	journal	May 1998
Operating temperature windows for fusion reactor structural materials Zinkle, S. J.; Ghoniem, N. M. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 51-52, p. 55-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(00)00320-3	journal	November 2000
Modeling of sputtering erosion/redeposition—status and implications for fusion design Brooks, Jeffrey N. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(02)00007-8	journal	July 2002
Tritium inventory in the ITER PFC's: Predictions, uncertainties, R&D status and priority needs Federici, G.; Anderl, R.; Brooks, J. N. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 39-40 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0920-3796(98)00151-3	journal	September 1998
Sintering and mechanical properties of titanium diboride with aluminum nitride as a sintering aid Li, Long-Hao; Kim, Hyoun-Ee; Son Kang, Eul Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 22, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(01)00403-4	journal	June 2002
Evaluation of ultra-high temperature ceramics foraeropropulsion use Levine, Stanley R.; Opila, Elizabeth J.; Halbig, Michael C. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 22, Issue 14-15 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2219(02)00140-1	journal	January 2002
Sluggish diffusion in Co–Cr–Fe–Mn–Ni high-entropy alloys Tsai, K. -Y.; Tsai, M. -H.; Yeh, J. -W. Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2013.04.058	journal	August 2013
Effect of neutron irradiation on select MAX phases Tallman, Darin J.; Hoffman, Elizabeth N.; Caspi, El’ad N. Acta Materialia, Vol. 85 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2014.10.068	journal	February 2015
High temperature ion irradiation effects in MAX phase ceramics Clark, D. W.; Zinkle, S. J.; Patel, M. K. Acta Materialia, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.11.055	journal	February 2016
Theoretical investigations of the effects of ordered carbon vacancies in ZrC1−x on phase stability and thermo-mechanical properties Zhang, Yanhui; Liu, Bin; Wang, Jiemin Acta Materialia, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.03.074	journal	June 2016
In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction study of tensile deformation of neutron-irradiated polycrystalline Fe-9%Cr alloy Zhang, Xuan; Li, Meimei; Park, Jun-Sang Acta Materialia, Vol. 126 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.12.038	journal	March 2017
Lattice distortion in a strong and ductile refractory high-entropy alloy Lee, Chanho; Song, Gian; Gao, Michael C. Acta Materialia, Vol. 160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.08.053	journal	November 2018
Helium induced microstructure damage, nano-scale grain formation and helium retention behaviour of ZrC Agarwal, Shradha; Bhattacharya, Arunodaya; Trocellier, Patrick Acta Materialia, Vol. 163 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.09.062	journal	January 2019
Nano-scale microstructure damage by neutron irradiations in a novel Boron-11 enriched TiB2 ultra-high temperature ceramic Bhattacharya, A.; Parish, C. M.; Koyanagi, T. Acta Materialia, Vol. 165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.030	journal	February 2019
Neutron irradiation-induced microstructure damage in ultra-high temperature ceramic TiC Agarwal, S.; Koyanagi, T.; Bhattacharya, A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2019.12.022	journal	March 2020
Irradiation damage in (Zr0.25Ta0.25Nb0.25Ti0.25)C high-entropy carbide ceramics Wang, Fei; Yan, Xueliang; Wang, Tianyao Acta Materialia, Vol. 195 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2020.06.011	journal	August 2020
Structural and mechanical properties of predicted vacancy ordered tantalum carbide phases Kostenko, Maksim G.; Gusev, Aleksandr I.; Lukoyanov, Aleksey V. Acta Materialia, Vol. 223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2021.117449	journal	January 2022
Response of 11B enriched ZrB2 ultra-high temperature ceramic to neutron irradiation at elevated temperatures Lin, Yan-Ru; Koyanagi, Takaaki; Sprouster, David J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 276 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2024.120111	journal	September 2024
Ion sputtering rates of W-, Ti- and Cr-carbides studied at different Ar+ ion incidence angles Zalar, A.; Kovač, J.; Praček, B. Applied Surface Science, Vol. 254, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2008.04.049	journal	August 2008
Carbon fiber reinforced ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites: A review Arai, Yutaro; Inoue, Ryo; Goto, Ken Ceramics International, Vol. 45, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.05.065	journal	August 2019
A perspective on challenges and opportunities in developing high entropy-ultra high temperature ceramics Nisar, Ambreen; Zhang, Cheng; Boesl, Benjamin Ceramics International, Vol. 46, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.07.066	journal	November 2020
Ultra-high temperature ceramics: Aspiration to overcome challenges in thermal protection systems Nisar, Ambreen; Hassan, Rubia; Agarwal, Arvind Ceramics International, Vol. 48, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2021.12.199	journal	April 2022
Synthesis of Hf6Ta2O17 superstructure via spark plasma sintering for improved oxidation resistance of multi-component ultra-high temperature ceramics Nisar, Ambreen; Zhang, Cheng; Boesl, Benjamin Ceramics International, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.09.050	journal	January 2023
Reactive laser synthesis of ultra-high-temperature ceramics HfC, ZrC, TiC, HfN, ZrN, and TiN for additive manufacturing Peters, Adam B.; Wang, Chuhong; Zhang, Dajie Ceramics International, Vol. 49, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2022.11.319	journal	April 2023
Effect of ion treatment on the structure and properties of ceramic materials (review) Ghyngazov, S. А.; Boltueva, V. А. Ceramics International, Vol. 49, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.09.099	journal	December 2023
Investigating the crystal structure of ZrB2 under varied conditions of temperature, pressure, and swift heavy ion irradiation Samadov, S. F.; Abiyev, A. S.; Asadov, A. G. Ceramics International, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.11.125	journal	January 2024
Ultra high temperature ceramic coatings in thermal protection systems (TPS) Shojaie-bahaabad, ‪Maryam; Bozorg, Mansoor; Najafizadeh, Mojtaba Ceramics International, Vol. 50, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2023.12.372	journal	April 2024
Optimized process and superior toughness of a (HfNbTaTiW)C high entropy carbide ceramic Li, Juan; He, Liu; Peng, Fei Ceramics International, Vol. 50, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.06.017	journal	September 2024
SiC addition to a dual phase high entropy ultra-high temperature ceramic Hassan, Rubia; Fahrenholtz, William G.; Balani, Kantesh Ceramics International, Vol. 50, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.10.430	journal	December 2024
Phase-field modeling of void anisotropic growth behavior in irradiated zirconium Han, G. M.; Wang, H.; Lin, De-Ye Computational Materials Science, Vol. 133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.02.032	journal	June 2017
Ablation resistance and thermal conductivity of carbon/carbon composites containing hafnium carbide Cuiyan, Li; Kezhi, Li; Hejun, Li Corrosion Science, Vol. 75 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2013.05.029	journal	October 2013
Effect of hypersonic flow chemical composition on the oxidation behavior of a super-strong UHTC Silvestroni, Laura; Mungiguerra, Stefano; Sciti, Diletta Corrosion Science, Vol. 159 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2019.108125	journal	October 2019
Accelerated discovery of oxidation-resistant ultra-high temperature ceramics via data driven methodology Yan, Yonggang; Liao, Yalin; Wang, Kun Corrosion Science, Vol. 223 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111457	journal	October 2023
Neutron transmutation of 10B doped diamond Jagannadham, K.; Reed, M. L.; Lance, M. J. Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2006.03.019	journal	January 2007
Effects of neutron radiation on the thermal conductivity of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite Guazzelli, M. A.; Avanzi, L. H.; Aguiar, V. A. P. Diamond and Related Materials, Vol. 151 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diamond.2024.111803	journal	January 2025
Simulation of the thermal shock behavior of ultra-high temperature ceramics with the consideration of temperature-dependent crack propagation criterion and interaction between thermal shock cracks evolution and thermal conduction Li, Dingyu; Li, Weiguo; Wang, Ruzhuan European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2018.05.016	journal	November 2018
Some technological problems of fusion materials management Kolbasov, Boris N.; El-Guebaly, Laila; Khripunov, Vladimir I. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 89, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.01.044	journal	October 2014
Fusion materials science and technology research opportunities now and during the ITER era Zinkle, S. J.; Blanchard, J. P.; Callis, R. W. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 89, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.02.048	journal	October 2014
Research status and issues of tungsten plasma facing materials for ITER and beyond Ueda, Y.; Coenen, J. W.; De Temmerman, G. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 89, Issue 7-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.02.078	journal	October 2014
Analysis of a tungsten sputtering experiment in DIII-D and code/data validation of high redeposition/reduced erosion Brooks, J. N.; Elder, J. D.; McLean, A. G. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 94 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2015.03.022	journal	May 2015
Near term, low cost, 14 MeV fusion neutron irradiation facility for testing the viability of fusion structural materials Kulcinski, Gerald L.; Radel, Ross F.; Davis, Andrew Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 109-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.01.022	journal	November 2016
Progress in the engineering design and assessment of the European DEMO first wall and divertor plasma facing components Barrett, Thomas R.; Ellwood, G.; Pérez, G. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 109-111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.01.052	journal	November 2016
Analysis of a tile repair technique based on brazing process for ITER First Wall Pérez-Pichel, Germán; Porton, Mike; Kirk, Simon Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 122 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.08.019	journal	November 2017
The Material Plasma Exposure eXperiment: Mission and conceptual design Rapp, Juergen; Lumsdaine, Arnold; Beers, Clyde Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 156 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111586	journal	July 2020
Divertor of the European DEMO: Engineering and technologies for power exhaust You, J. H.; Mazzone, G.; Visca, E. Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 175 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113010	journal	February 2022
Fabrication and test of a conceptual first wall containing titanium nitride as a tritium permeation barrier Zhang, Shuting; Huang, Xiangmei; Zhao, Dongye Fusion Engineering and Design, Vol. 182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113244	journal	September 2022
Fracture toughness of polycrystalline tungsten alloys Gludovatz, B.; Wurster, S.; Hoffmann, A. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2010.04.007	journal	November 2010
Effect of defectiveness of carbon sublattice on elastic properties and microstrains of disordered cubic tantalum carbide TaC Gusev, Aleksandr I. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 103 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105760	journal	February 2022
Exploring radiation damage in (Hf0.2Zr0.2Ta0.2Ti0.2Nb0.2)C high-entropy carbide ceramic: Integrating experimental and atomistic investigations Zhang, Gaowei; Daghbouj, Nabil; AlMotasem, A. T. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, Vol. 123 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2024.106755	journal	September 2024
The study of plasma–TiN interaction in Tokamak Ghoranneviss, Mahmood; Meshkani, Sakineh; Jafari, Azadeh Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 656 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.09.239	journal	January 2016
Thermal properties of high-entropy fluorite (Zr0.2Hf0.2Pr0.2La0.2×0.2)O2-δ(X=Dy, Ho, Er, Y, Tm): A first-principles combined with experimental study investigating the influence of size and mass difference effect Hou, Jiadong; Liu, Yufeng; Cheng, Chufei Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 996 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174774	journal	August 2024
Material property requirements for analysis and design of UHTC components in hypersonic applications Squire, Thomas H.; Marschall, Jochen Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.01.026	journal	August 2010
Stress measurements in ZrB2–SiC composites using Raman spectroscopy and neutron diffraction Watts, Jeremy; Hilmas, Greg; Fahrenholtz, William G. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.02.014	journal	August 2010
Improved ablation resistance of C–C composites using zirconium diboride and boron carbide Corral, Erica L.; Walker, Luke S. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2010.02.025	journal	August 2010
Oxidation of ZrB2–SiC ultra-high temperature composites over a wide range of SiC content Williams, Peter A.; Sakidja, Ridwan; Perepezko, John H. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 32, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2012.05.021	journal	November 2012
Grain size dependence of hardness and fracture toughness in pure near fully-dense boron carbide ceramics Moshtaghioun, Bibi Malmal; Gomez-Garcia, Diego; Dominguez-Rodriguez, Arturo Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 36, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.01.017	journal	June 2016
Fabrication of ultra high temperature ceramic matrix composites using a reactive melt infiltration process Kütemeyer, Marius; Schomer, Laura; Helmreich, Thomas Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 36, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.04.039	journal	November 2016
Aero-thermo-chemical characterization of ultra-high-temperature ceramics for aerospace applications Savino, Raffaele; Criscuolo, Luigi; Di Martino, Giuseppe Daniele Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 38, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.12.043	journal	July 2018
Dual-phase high-entropy ultra-high temperature ceramics Qin, Mingde; Gild, Joshua; Hu, Chongze Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 40, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2020.05.040	journal	December 2020
Addressing high processing temperatures in reactive melt infiltration for multiphase ceramic composites Makurunje, Phylis; Middleburgh, Simon C.; Lee, William E. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 43, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2022.09.002	journal	February 2023
In-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and thermal expansion of TiB2 up to ∼3050 °C Converse, Elizabeth Sobalvarro; Thorpe, Fox; Rivera, Jesus Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 43, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.01.050	journal	July 2023
A study on He ion irradiation damage in (Ti0.25Zr0.25Nb0.25Ta0.25)C high-entropy carbide ceramics from room temperature to 700 °C Zhang, Jintao; Xu, Shuai; Wen, Chunmei Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2024.116855	journal	January 2025
Proton irradiation-induced cracking and microstructural defects in UN and (U,Zr)N composite fuels Charatsidou, Elina; Giamouridou, Maria; Fazi, Andrea Journal of Materiomics, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmat.2024.01.014	journal	July 2024
Design, Preparation and Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Composites for Aerospace Applications: A Review Tang, Sufang; Hu, Chenglong Journal of Materials Science & Technology, Vol. 33, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmst.2016.08.004	journal	February 2017
Materials to deliver the promise of fusion power – progress and challenges Bloom, E. E.; Zinkle, S. J.; Wiffen, F. W. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 329-333 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.04.141	journal	August 2004
Thermal conductivity degradation of ceramic materials due to low temperature, low dose neutron irradiation Snead, L. L.; Zinkle, S. J.; White, D. P. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 340, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2004.11.009	journal	April 2005
An overview of the development of the first wall and other principal components of a laser fusion power plant Sethian, John D.; Raffray, A. Rene; Latkowski, Jeffery Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 347, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2005.08.019	journal	December 2005
Retention of hydrogen in fcc metals irradiated at temperatures leading to high densities of bubbles or voids Garner, F. A.; Simonen, E. P.; Oliver, B. M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 356, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2006.05.023	journal	September 2006
Handbook of SiC properties for fuel performance modeling Snead, Lance L.; Nozawa, Takashi; Katoh, Yutai Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 371, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2007.05.016	journal	September 2007
Microstructural defects in SiC neutron irradiated at very high temperatures Kondo, S.; Katoh, Y.; Snead, L. L. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 382, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2008.08.013	journal	December 2008
Recent analysis of key plasma wall interactions issues for ITER Roth, Joachim; Tsitrone, E.; Loarte, A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 390-391 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2009.01.037	journal	June 2009
Mechanical properties of tungsten alloys with Y2O3 and titanium additions Aguirre, M. V.; Martín, A.; Pastor, J. Y. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 417, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.120	journal	October 2011
Tungsten as material for plasma-facing components in fusion devices Philipps, V. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 415, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.110	journal	August 2011
Physics basis and design of the ITER plasma-facing components Pitts, R. A.; Carpentier, S.; Escourbiac, F. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 415, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2011.01.114	journal	August 2011
Calculation and analysis of lattice thermal conductivity in tungsten by molecular dynamics Fu, Baoqin; Lai, Wensheng; Yuan, Yue Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 427, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2012.05.015	journal	August 2012
A full tungsten divertor for ITER: Physics issues and design status Pitts, R. A.; Carpentier, S.; Escourbiac, F. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 438 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.01.008	journal	July 2013
Mechanical properties of tungsten in the transition temperature range Krsjak, V.; Wei, S. H.; Antusch, S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 450, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2013.11.019	journal	July 2014
Swelling of ion-irradiated 3C–SiC characterized by synchrotron radiation based XRD and TEM Lin, Yan-Ru; Ho, Chun-Yu; Chuang, Wei-Tsung Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 455, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.06.061	journal	December 2014
Challenges and opportunities of modeling plasma–surface interactions in tungsten using high-performance computing Wirth, Brian D.; Hammond, K. D.; Krasheninnikov, S. I. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 463 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.11.072	journal	August 2015
Irradiation-induced microstructural evolution and swelling of 3C-SiC Lin, Yan-Ru; Ku, Ching-Shun; Ho, Chun-Yu Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 459 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.01.040	journal	April 2015
In situ ion irradiation of zirconium carbide Ulmer, Christopher J.; Motta, Arthur T.; Kirk, Mark A. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 466 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2015.08.009	journal	November 2015
Irradiation resistance of silicon carbide joint at light water reactor–relevant temperature Koyanagi, T.; Katoh, Y.; Kiggans, J. O. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 488 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2017.03.017	journal	May 2017
The response of ZrB2 to simulated plasma-facing material conditions of He irradiation at high temperature Garrison, Lauren M.; Kulcinski, Gerald L.; Hilmas, Greg Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 507 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2018.04.016	journal	August 2018
Response of unalloyed tungsten to mixed spectrum neutrons Katoh, Y.; Snead, L. L.; Garrison, L. M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 520 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.03.045	journal	July 2019
Correlation between the microstructure, mechanical/thermal properties, and thermal shock resistance of K-doped tungsten alloys Huang, Bo; Chen, Longqing; Qiu, Wenbin Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 520 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.03.056	journal	July 2019
Materials for future nuclear energy systems Was, G. S.; Petti, D.; Ukai, S. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 527 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.151837	journal	December 2019
Neutron irradiation effects on the mechanical properties of powder metallurgical processed tungsten alloys Miyazawa, Takeshi; Garrison, Lauren M.; Geringer, Josina W. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 529 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2019.151910	journal	February 2020
Effect of cyclic heat loading on pure tungsten for the ITER divertor Fukuda, M.; Seki, Y.; Ezato, K. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152509	journal	December 2020
Spark plasma sintered tungsten – mechanical properties, irradiation effects and thermal shock performance Matějíček, Jiří; Veverka, Jakub; Yin, Chao Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 542 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152518	journal	December 2020
Advanced synchrotron characterization techniques for fusion materials science Sprouster, D. J.; Trelewicz, J. R.; Snead, L. L. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 543 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2020.152574	journal	January 2021
Ab initio screening of refractory nitrides and carbides for high temperature hydrogen permeation barriers Bull, Sarah K.; Champ, Theodore; Raj, Sai Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 563 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2022.153611	journal	May 2022
The effect of helium on cavity swelling in dual-ion irradiated Fe and Fe-10Cr ferritic alloys Lin, Yan-Ru; Bhattacharya, Arunodaya; Zinkle, Steven J. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 569 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2022.153907	journal	October 2022
Influence of transmutation-induced Re/Os content on defect evolution in neutron-irradiated W Klimenkov, M.; Jäntsch, U.; Rieth, M. Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 592 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnucmat.2024.154950	journal	April 2024
Effect of a weak fiber interface coating in ZrB2 reinforced with long SiC fibers Silvestroni, Laura; Sciti, Diletta; Hilmas, Greg E. Materials & Design, Vol. 88 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.08.105	journal	December 2015
Effect of grain size on the properties of ceramics Kambale, K. R.; Mahajan, Akash; Butee, S. P. Metal Powder Report, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mprp.2019.04.060	journal	June 2019
Unraveling the surface chemistry processes in lithiated and boronized plasma material interfaces under extreme conditions Krstic, P. S.; Allain, J. P.; Dominguez-Gutierrez, F. J. Matter and Radiation at Extremes, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mre.2018.03.003	journal	July 2018
Ductile to brittle transition in ITER specification tungsten assessed by combined fracture toughness and bending tests analysis Yin, Chao; Terentyev, Dmitry; Pardoen, Thomas Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 750 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2019.02.028	journal	March 2019
JANIS 4: An Improved Version of the NEA Java-based Nuclear Data Information System Soppera, N.; Bossant, M.; Dupont, E. Nuclear Data Sheets, Vol. 120 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nds.2014.07.071	journal	June 2014
Thermal transport in thorium dioxide Park, Jungkyu; Farfán, Eduardo B.; Enriquez, Christian Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol. 50, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2018.02.002	journal	June 2018
Advancement of LANSCE accelerator facility as a 1-MW Fusion Prototypic Neutron Source Batygin, Yuri K.; Pitcher, Eric J. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 960 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.163569	journal	April 2020
Method for analyzing passive silicon carbide thermometry with a continuous dilatometer to determine irradiation temperature Campbell, Anne A.; Porter, Wallace D.; Katoh, Yutai Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 370 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2016.01.005	journal	March 2016
Evaluation of the continuous dilatometer method of silicon carbide thermometry for passive irradiation temperature determination Field, Kevin G.; McDuffee, Joel L.; Geringer, Josina W. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 445 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2019.02.022	journal	April 2019
In-situ observation of radiation-induced defects in ZrN under electron irradiation in HVEM Rahman, M. M.; Yamamoto, T.; Matsumura, S. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms, Vol. 549 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2024.165289	journal	April 2024
Characterizing Low-Z erosion and deposition in the DIII-D divertor using aluminum Chrobak, C. P.; Doerner, R. P.; Stangeby, P. C. Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2016.11.033	journal	August 2017
Isolated nano-tendril bundles on tungsten surfaces exposed to radiofrequency helium plasma Woller, Kevin B.; Whyte, Dennis G.; Wright, Graham M. Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2017.04.016	journal	August 2017
Recrystallization behavior of hot-rolled pure tungsten and its alloy plates during high-temperature annealing Tsuchida, Kohei; Miyazawa, Takeshi; Hasegawa, Akira Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2018.04.004	journal	May 2018
Recent progress on the R&D of W-ZrC alloys for plasma facing components in fusion devices Liu, R.; Xie, Z. M.; Yang, J. F. Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 16 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2018.07.002	journal	August 2018
Erosion characterization of SiC and Ti3SiC2 on DIII-D using focused ion beam micro-trenches Coburn, J.; Unterberg, E.; Barton, J. Nuclear Materials and Energy, Vol. 19 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nme.2019.02.036	journal	May 2019
Additive manufacturing of advanced ceramic materials Lakhdar, Y.; Tuck, C.; Binner, J. Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2020.100736	journal	February 2021
Subscale maturation of advanced reactor technologies (SMART): A path forward for nuclear thermal propulsion fuel and reactor development Searight, William T.; Palomares, Kelsa B.; Werner, James E. Progress in Nuclear Energy, Vol. 153 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnucene.2022.104432	journal	November 2022
Development of tungsten as plasma-facing materials by doping tantalum carbide nanoparticles Tan, Xiao-Yue; Luo, Lai-Ma; Lu, Ze-Long Powder Technology, Vol. 269 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2014.09.039	journal	January 2015
Anisotropic swelling and microcracking of neutron irradiated Ti3AlC2–Ti5Al2C3 materials Ang, Caen; Silva, Chinthaka; Shih, Chunghao Scripta Materialia, Vol. 114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2015.11.008	journal	March 2016
Ultra-high temperature ceramics: Materials for extreme environments Fahrenholtz, William G.; Hilmas, Greg E. Scripta Materialia, Vol. 129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2016.10.018	journal	March 2017
Radiation-Induced Evolution of Tungsten Carbide in Fusion Reactors: Accommodation of Defect Clusters and Transmutation Elements Oliver, Samuel X.; Jackson, Matthew L.; Burr, Patrick A. ACS Applied Energy Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b01990	journal	December 2019
A Common Regularity of Stoichiometry-Induced Morphology Evolution of Transition Metal Carbides, Nitrides, and Diborides during Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis Jin, Shenbao; Shen, Ping; Zhou, Dongshuai Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/cg201604z	journal	May 2012
Synthetic routes to boron nitride Paine, Robert T.; Narula, Chaitanya K. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 90, Issue 1, p. 73-91 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00099a004	journal	January 1990
Designing for ultrahigh-temperature applications: The mechanical and thermal properties of HfB2, HfC x , HfN x and αHf(N) Wuchina, E.; Opeka, M.; Causey, S. Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 39, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JMSC.0000041690.06117.34	journal	October 2004
Ultra-high temperature ceramics for extreme environments Wyatt, Brian C.; Nemani, Srinivasa Kartik; Hilmas, Gregory E. Nature Reviews Materials https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-023-00619-0	journal	December 2023
Processing and Properties of High-Entropy Ultra-High Temperature Carbides Castle, Elinor; Csanádi, Tamás; Grasso, Salvatore Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26827-1	journal	June 2018
Thermal damage of tungsten-armored plasma-facing components under high heat flux loads Wang, Shuming; Li, Jiangshan; Wang, Ye Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-57852-8	journal	January 2020
Discovering tungsten-based composites as plasma facing materials for future high-duty cycle nuclear fusion reactors Marchhart, Trevor; Hargrove, Chase; Marin, Alexandru Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-64614-3	journal	June 2024
Melting simulations of high-entropy carbonitrides by deep learning potentials Baidyshev, Viktor S.; Tantardini, Christian; Kvashnin, Alexander G. Scientific Reports, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78377-4	journal	November 2024
Self-assembly of Carbon Vacancies in Sub-stoichiometric ZrC1−x Zhang, Yanhui; Liu, Bin; Wang, Jingyang Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18098	journal	December 2015
High-Entropy Metal Diborides: A New Class of High-Entropy Materials and a New Type of Ultrahigh Temperature Ceramics Gild, Joshua; Zhang, Yuanyao; Harrington, Tyler Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep37946	journal	November 2016
Thermal conductivity degradation induced by point defects in irradiated silicon carbide Crocombette, Jean-Paul; Proville, Laurent Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3589358	journal	May 2011
Structure and mechanical properties of tantalum mononitride under high pressure: A first-principles study Chang, Jing; Zhao, Guo-Ping; Zhou, Xiao-Lin Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 112, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4759279	journal	October 2012
Challenges for plasma-facing components in nuclear fusion Linke, Jochen; Du, Juan; Loewenhoff, Thorsten Matter and Radiation at Extremes, Vol. 4, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5090100	journal	September 2019
Computational investigation of incident ion angles and material erosion at rough graphite and silicon carbide divertor surfaces Abe, S.; Skinner, C. H.; Liu, A. Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 29, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0095155	journal	October 2022
Thermal conductivity evaluation of ion irradiated Si3N4 and ZrN ceramics using spatial domain thermoreflectance Terricabras, Adrien J.; Ferrigno, Joshua; Wang, Ling Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 132, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0099175	journal	August 2022
Hard superconducting nitrides Chen, X. -J.; Struzhkin, V. V.; Wu, Z. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500174102	journal	February 2005
Review of Recent Progress in Plasma-Facing Material Joints and Composites in the FRONTIER U.S.-Japan Collaboration Garrison, L. M.; Katoh, Y.; Hinoki, T. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 79, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2023.2176687	journal	June 2023
Plasma-material interactions in current tokamaks and their implications for next step fusion reactors Federici, G.; Skinner, C. H.; Brooks, J. N. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 41, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/41/12/218	journal	December 2001
An integrated model for materials in a fusion power plant: transmutation, gas production, and helium embrittlement under neutron irradiation Gilbert, M. R.; Dudarev, S. L.; Zheng, S. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/52/8/083019	journal	August 2012
Multimodal options for materials research to advance the basis for fusion energy in the ITER era Zinkle, S. J.; Möslang, A.; Muroga, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 53, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/53/10/104024	journal	September 2013
Plasma facing materials and components for future fusion devices—development, characterization and performance under fusion specific loading conditions Linke, J. Physica Scripta, Vol. T123 https://doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/2006/T123/006	journal	March 2006
Wall conditioning in fusion devices and its influence on plasma performance Winter, J. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 38, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/38/9/001	journal	September 1996
Tritium inventory in ITER plasma-facing materials and tritium removal procedures Roth, Joachim; Tsitrone, Emmanuelle; Loarer, Thierry Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, Vol. 50, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/0741-3335/50/10/103001	journal	August 2008
An assessment for the erosion rate of DEMO first wall Tokar, M. Z. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aa92dd	journal	November 2017
A multi-scale model for stresses, strains and swelling of reactor components under irradiation Dudarev, Sergei L.; Mason, Daniel R.; Tarleton, Edmund Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aadb48	journal	September 2018
Waste implications from minor impurities in European DEMO materials Gilbert, M. R.; Eade, T.; Rey, T. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ab154e	journal	May 2019
Evaluation of silicon carbide as a divertor armor material in DIII-D H-mode discharges Abrams, T.; Bringuier, S.; Thomas, D. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 61, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/abecee	journal	April 2021
Deuterium plasma induced preferential erosion in ultra-high temperature ceramics TiB₂ and ZrB₂ ^* Nuckols, L.; Baldwin, M. J.; Meyer III, H. M. Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 64, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/ad7968	journal	September 2024
Helium, hydrogen, and fuzz in plasma-facing materials Hammond, Karl D. Materials Research Express, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa8c22	journal	October 2017
Comprehensive Screening of Plasma-Facing Materials for Nuclear Fusion Fedrigucci, Andrea; Marzari, Nicola; Ricci, Paolo PRX Energy, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PRXEnergy.3.043002	journal	October 2024
Theory of bonding in transition-metal carbides and nitrides Häglund, J.; Fernández Guillermet, A.; Grimvall, G. Physical Review B, Vol. 48, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.48.11685	journal	October 1993
Electronic structure, bonding, and ground-state properties of AlB_{2}-type transition-metal diborides Vajeeston, P.; Ravindran, P.; Ravi, C. Physical Review B, Vol. 63, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.63.045115	journal	January 2001
New nuclear physics for big bang nucleosynthesis Boyd, Richard N.; Brune, Carl R.; Fuller, George M. Physical Review D, Vol. 82, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.82.105005	journal	November 2010
Ultrahigh Thermal Conductivity of θ -Phase Tantalum Nitride Kundu, Ashis; Yang, Xiaolong; Ma, Jinlong Physical Review Letters, Vol. 126, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.126.115901	journal	March 2021
Hydrogen in Fusion First Wall Surfaces Doyle, B. L.; Brice, D. K.; Wampler, W. R. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.1981.4331401	journal	January 1981
Pressureless Sintering and Properties of Titanium Diboride Ceramics Containing Chromium and Iron Kang, Shin H.; Kim, Deug J.; Kang, Eul S. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 84, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb00763.x	journal	April 2001
Pressureless Sintering of Zirconium Diboride Chamberlain, Adam L.; Fahrenholtz, William G.; Hilmas, Gregory E. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2005.00739.x	journal	February 2006
Thermal Conductivity Characterization of Hafnium Diboride-Based Ultra-High-Temperature Ceramics Gasch, Matthew; Johnson, Sylvia; Marschall, Jochen Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 91, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02364.x	journal	May 2008
Atomic Scale Modeling of Point Defects in Zirconium Diboride: Point Defects in Zirconium Diboride Middleburgh, Simon C.; Parfitt, David C.; Blair, Paul R. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 94, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04360.x	journal	March 2011
Zirconium Diboride with High Thermal Conductivity Lonergan, Jason M.; Fahrenholtz, William G.; Hilmas, Greg E. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 97, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.12950	journal	May 2014
Thermal Properties of Hf-Doped ZrB ₂ Ceramics Lonergan, Jason M.; McClane, Devon L.; Fahrenholtz, William G. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 98, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13717	journal	June 2015
Ultra-High Temperature Mechanical Properties of a Zirconium Diboride-Zirconium Carbide Ceramic Neuman, Eric W.; Hilmas, Gregory E.; Fahrenholtz, William G. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 99, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.13990	journal	October 2015
Response of isotopically tailored titanium diboride to neutron irradiation Koyanagi, Takaaki; Katoh, Yutai; Ang, Caen Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 102, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.16036	journal	September 2018
Predicting mechanical properties of ultrahigh temperature ceramics using machine learning Han, Taihao; Huang, Jie; Sant, Gaurav Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 105, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.18636	journal	July 2022
Designing Radiation Resistance in Materials for Fusion Energy Zinkle, S. J.; Snead, L. L. Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-070813-113627	journal	July 2014
High-Entropy Ultra-High-Temperature Borides and Carbides: A New Class of Materials for Extreme Environments Feng, Lun; Fahrenholtz, William G.; Brenner, Donald W. Annual Review of Materials Research, Vol. 51, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-matsci-080819-121217	journal	July 2021
UHTCs: Ultra-High Temperature Ceramic Materials for Extreme Environment Applications Wuchina, Eric; Opila, Elizabeth; Opeka, Mark The Electrochemical Society Interface, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.F04074IF	journal	December 2007
Oxidation of ultra-high temperature transition metal diboride ceramics Fahrenholtz, W. G.; Hilmas, G. E. International Materials Reviews, Vol. 57, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280411Y.0000000012	journal	January 2012
Processing and properties of ZrC, ZrN and ZrCN ceramics: a review Harrison, R. W.; Lee, W. E. Advances in Applied Ceramics, Vol. 115, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1179/1743676115Y.0000000061	journal	May 2016
Progress in SiC-Based Ceramic Composites for Fusion Applications Katoh, Yutai; Kohyama, Akira; Hinoki, Tatsuya Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 44, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST03-A326	journal	July 2003
Dry-Wall Survival under IFE Conditions Raffray, A. R.; El-Guebaly, L.; Federici, G. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST04-A581	journal	November 2004
Operating Temperature Window for SiC Ceramics and Composites for Fusion Energy Applications Katoh, Yutai; Snead, Lance Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 56, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST09-A9049	journal	August 2009
High Heat Flux Performance of Plasma Facing Materials and Components under Service Conditions in Future Fusion Reactors Linke, Jochen Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 57, Issue 2T https://doi.org/10.13182/FST10-A9420	journal	February 2010
Comparative Assessment of Material Performance in DEMO Fusion Reactors Gilbert, M. R.; Zheng, S.; Kemp, R. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 66, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST13-751	journal	August 2014
Accident Safety Comparison of Elements to Define Low-Activation Materials Piet, Steven J.; Cheng, Edward T.; Porter, Lisa J. Fusion Technology, Vol. 17, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST17-4-636	journal	July 1990
Recent Advances on Hydrogen Retention in ITER’s Plasma-Facing Materials: Beryllium, Carbon, and Tungsten Skinner, C. H.; Haasz, A. A.; Alimov, V. Kh. Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.13182/FST54-891	journal	November 2008
Analysis of Homogenization and Solute Interdiffusion Kinetics of ZrC, NbC, TaC Refractory Carbides as Surrogate Fuels for Nuclear Thermal Propulsion Systems Nadermann, Alexander; Kessing, Jonas; Shaver, Brandon Nuclear and Emerging Technologies for Space (NETS 2024) https://doi.org/10.13182/NETS24-43769	conference	January 2024
Threshold Irradiation Dose for Amorphization of Silicon Carbide Snead, L. L.; Zinkle, S. J. MRS Proceedings, Vol. 439 https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-439-595	journal	January 1996
Fusion materials modeling: Challenges and opportunities Wirth, B. D.; Nordlund, K.; Whyte, D. G. MRS Bulletin, Vol. 36, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2011.37	journal	March 2011
Neutron Irradiation Behavior of Tungsten Hasegawa, Akira; Fukuda, Makoto; Tanno, Takashi MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS, Vol. 54, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.MG201208	journal	January 2013
Physical Challenges and Limitations Confronting the Use of UHTCs on Hypersonic Vehicles Glass, David 17th AIAA International Space Planes and Hypersonic Systems and Technologies Conference https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-2304	conference	June 2012
Advanced Inorganic Nitride Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy: A Mini Review of Synthesis Methods Ma, Yin; Xiong, Lijun; Lu, Yao Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 9 https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.638216	journal	July 2021
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbide Reinforced TiC-Based Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics: A Review Mao, Haobo; Shen, Fuqiang; Zhang, Yingyi Coatings, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121444	journal	November 2021
Synthesis of Binary Transition Metal Nitrides, Carbides and Borides from the Elements in the Laser-Heated Diamond Anvil Cell and Their Structure-Property Relations Friedrich, Alexandra; Winkler, Björn; Juarez-Arellano, Erick A. Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma4101648	journal	September 2011
Comparison of Reactive and Non-Reactive Spark Plasma Sintering Routes for the Fabrication of Monolithic and Composite Ultra High Temperature Ceramics (UHTC) Materials Orrù, Roberto; Cao, Giacomo Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6051566	journal	April 2013

Similar Records

A perspective on challenges and opportunities in developing high entropy-ultra high temperature ceramics

Journal Article · Sun Jul 26 20:00:00 EDT 2020 · Ceramics International · OSTI ID:1850388

Related Subjects

Fusion materials
Irradiation effects
Plasma-facing components
Plasma-material interactions
ultra-high temperature ceramic (UHTC)

Perspectives and challenges of ultra-high temperature ceramics for fusion plasma-facing applications

Citation Formats

References (215)

Similar Records

Related Subjects