Influence of strain-rate on the response of elastomeric architected materials

MacNider, Brianna C.; Dattelbaum, Dana Mcgraw; Boechler, Nicholas; Cady, Carl Mcelhinney; Derby, Benjamin Kyle; Fensin, Saryu Jindal; Lee, Kwan-Soo; Kim, Jihyeon; Nakarmi, Sushan; Daphalapurkar, Nitin Pandurang

doi:10.1016/j.eml.2025.102389

Influence of strain-rate on the response of elastomeric architected materials

Journal Article · Tue Jul 15 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Extreme Mechanics Letters

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2025.102389· OSTI ID:2572544

^[1]; ^[2]; Boechler, Nicholas ^[3]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[2]

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA (United States)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, La Jolla CA (United States)

Architected materials have shown substantial promise in impact mitigation and protective applications, and there has accordingly been great interest in better characterizing their response at elevated strain rates due to impact. There remains ambiguity regarding the contribution of inertial and material responses to strain rate sensitivity, and, in particular, when these effects begin to gain dominance in the impact response of an architected material. The response of soft polymer architected materials as a function of strain rate, in particular, has been little investigated. We characterize the experimental impact response of four soft polymer architected lattice geometries across varying strain rates in the intermediate strain rate regime (∼10³ s⁻¹) using split-Hopkinson pressure bar loading and high speed video characterization of the resulting deformation fields. In conclusion, our results highlight the interplay of influence between constituent material, lattice geometry, length scale, and strain rate in determining the onset of significant inertia effects.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); University of California

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001; NA0003960

OSTI ID:: 2572544

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--25-20905; 10.1016/j.eml.2025.102389

Journal Information:: Extreme Mechanics Letters, Journal Name: Extreme Mechanics Letters Vol. 79; ISSN 2352-4316

Publisher:: ElsevierCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (47)

Direct Ink Writing of 3D Functional Materials Lewis, J. A. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600434	journal	November 2006
Three-Dimensional Printing of Elastomeric, Cellular Architectures with Negative Stiffness Duoss, Eric B.; Weisgraber, Todd H.; Hearon, Keith Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201400451	journal	May 2014
Compaction Through Buckling in 2D Periodic, Soft and Porous Structures: Effect of Pore Shape Overvelde, J. T. B.; Shan, S.; Bertoldi, K. Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201104395	journal	March 2012
3D Soft Metamaterials with Negative Poisson's Ratio Babaee, Sahab; Shim, Jongmin; Weaver, James C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301986	journal	July 2013
Energy Absorption Properties of Periodic and Stochastic 3D Lattice Materials Mueller, Jochen; Matlack, Kathryn H.; Shea, Kristina Advanced Theory and Simulations, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.201900081	journal	July 2019
Dielectric properties of segmented polytetramethyleneoxide‐based polyurethanes Petrović, Zoran S.; Koco, Ferenc; Horvath, Laslo Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 38, Issue 10, p. 1929-1940 https://doi.org/10.1002/app.1989.070381014	journal	November 1989
Strain-rate and inertia effects in the collapse of two types of energy-absorbing structure Calladine, C. R.; English, R. W. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences, Vol. 26, Issue 11-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/0020-7403(84)90021-3	journal	January 1984
Inertia-sensitive impact energy-absorbing structures part I: Effects of inertia and elasticity Su, X. Y.; Yu, T. X.; Reid, S. R. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0734-743X(94)00061-Z	journal	August 1995
In-plane dynamic crushing of honeycombs—a finite element study Ruan, D.; Lu, G.; Wang, B. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 28, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(02)00056-8	journal	February 2003
High strain rate compressive behaviour of aluminium alloy foams Deshpande, V. S.; Fleck, N. A. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 24, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0734-743X(99)00153-0	journal	March 2000
Foam topology: bending versus stretching dominated architectures Deshpande, V. S.; Ashby, M. F.; Fleck, N. A. Acta Materialia, Vol. 49, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-6454(00)00379-7	journal	April 2001
Compression behavior of micro-scale truss structures formed from self-propagating polymer waveguides Jacobsen, Alan J.; Barvosa-Carter, William; Nutt, Steven Acta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2007.08.036	journal	December 2007
Characterization of nickel-based microlattice materials with structural hierarchy from the nanometer to the millimeter scale Torrents, A.; Schaedler, T. A.; Jacobsen, A. J. Acta Materialia, Vol. 60, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2012.03.007	journal	May 2012
Additively-manufactured metallic micro-lattice materials for high specific energy absorption under static and dynamic loading Tancogne-Dejean, Thomas; Spierings, Adriaan B.; Mohr, Dirk Acta Materialia, Vol. 116 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2016.05.054	journal	September 2016
Impact of filler composition on mechanical and dynamic response of 3-D printed silicone-based nanocomposite elastomers Talley, Samantha J.; Branch, Brittany; Welch, Cynthia F. Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 198 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2020.108258	journal	September 2020
Quasi-static and dynamic compressive behaviour of sheet TPMS cellular structures Novak, Nejc; Al-Ketan, Oraib; Krstulović-Opara, Lovre Composite Structures, Vol. 266, p. 113801 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113801	journal	June 2021
Enhanced out-of-plane compressive strength and energy absorption of 3D printed square and hexagonal honeycombs with variable-thickness cell edges Duan, Shengyu; Tao, Yong; Lei, Hongshuai Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 18, p. 9-18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eml.2017.09.016	journal	January 2018
Bucklewaves Vaughn, Denzil G.; Hutchinson, John W. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, Vol. 25, Issue 1, p. 1-12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechsol.2005.09.003	journal	January 2006
Concepts for enhanced energy absorption using hollow micro-lattices Evans, A. G.; He, M. Y.; Deshpande, V. S. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 37, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2010.03.007	journal	September 2010
Energy absorption in lattice structures in dynamics: Experiments Ozdemir, Zuhal; Hernandez-Nava, Everth; Tyas, Andrew International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2015.10.007	journal	March 2016
Additively-manufactured functionally graded Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with high strength under static and dynamic loading: Experiments Xiao, Lijun; Song, Weidong International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 111 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.09.018	journal	January 2018
Dynamic compressive behaviour of cellular materials: A review of phenomenon, mechanism and modelling Sun, Yongle; Li, Q. M. International Journal of Impact Engineering, Vol. 112 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.10.006	journal	February 2018
Dynamic failure of metallic pyramidal truss core materials – Experiments and modeling Lee, S.; Barthelat, F.; Hutchinson, J. W. International Journal of Plasticity, Vol. 22, Issue 11, p. 2118-2145 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2006.02.006	journal	November 2006
A numerical study on the rate sensitivity of cellular metals Liu, Y. D.; Yu, J. L.; Zheng, Z. J. International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 46, Issue 22-23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.07.024	journal	November 2009
Architected squirt-flow materials for energy dissipation Cohen, Tal; Kurzeja, Patrick; Bertoldi, Katia Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2017.08.003	journal	December 2017
Mechanical behaviour of additively-manufactured polymeric octet-truss lattice structures under quasi-static and dynamic compressive loading Ling, Chen; Cernicchi, Alessandro; Gilchrist, Michael D. Materials & Design, Vol. 162 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2018.11.035	journal	January 2019
Failure and energy absorption characteristics of four lattice structures under dynamic loading Jin, Nan; Wang, Fuchi; Wang, Yangwei Materials & Design, Vol. 169 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2019.107655	journal	May 2019
Mechanical metamaterials with negative compressibility transitions Nicolaou, Zachary G.; Motter, Adilson E. Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3331	journal	May 2012
Auxetic mechanical metamaterials Kolken, H. M. A.; Zadpoor, A. A. RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27333E	journal	January 2017
On the study of the dynamic response in 3D additively manufactured auxetic structures Fjeldberg, Niklas; Pernas, Jesús; Varas, David EPJ Web of Conferences, Vol. 250, p. 06004 https://doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125006004	journal	January 2021
Local inertial effects in dynamic fragmentation Grady, D. E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 1, p. 322-325 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.329934	journal	January 1982
Controlling shockwave dynamics using architecture in periodic porous materials Branch, Brittany; Ionita, Axinte; Clements, Bradford E. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 121, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4978910	journal	April 2017
Insight into the coordinated jetting behavior in periodic lattice structures under dynamic compression Lind, Jonathan; Robinson, Andrew K.; Kumar, Mukul Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 128, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0003776	journal	July 2020
Elastic wave suppression through additively manufactured petal lattice metamaterials Sarracino, Alex; Hammetter, Christopher I.; Whetten, Shaun R. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 135, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0196004	journal	April 2024
Acoustic metamaterial with negative modulus Lee, Sam Hyeon; Park, Choon Mahn; Seo, Yong Mun Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, Vol. 21, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/21/17/175704	journal	March 2009
Digital image correlation for surface deformation measurement: historical developments, recent advances and future goals Pan, Bing Measurement Science and Technology, Vol. 29, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/aac55b	journal	June 2018
Dynamic energy absorption characteristics of additively-manufactured shape-recovering lattice structures Davami, Keivan; Mohsenizadeh, Mehrdad; Munther, Michael Materials Research Express, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aaf78c	journal	January 2019
Dynamic Buckling and Fragmentation in Brittle Rods Gladden, J. R.; Handzy, N. Z.; Belmonte, A. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.94.035503	journal	January 2005
Negative stiffness honeycombs for recoverable shock isolation Correa, Dixon M.; Klatt, Timothy; Cortes, Sergio Rapid Prototyping Journal, Vol. 21, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1108/RPJ-12-2014-0182	journal	March 2015
Exploiting Microstructural Instabilities in Solids and Structures: From Metamaterials to Structural Transitions Kochmann, Dennis M.; Bertoldi, Katia Applied Mechanics Reviews, Vol. 69, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037966	journal	September 2017
Ultralight Metallic Microlattices Schaedler, T. A.; Jacobsen, A. J.; Torrents, A. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6058 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1211649	journal	November 2011
Toward Lighter, Stiffer Materials Schaedler, T. A.; Jacobsen, A. J.; Carter, W. B. Science, Vol. 341, Issue 6151 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1243996	journal	September 2013
Ultralight, ultrastiff mechanical metamaterials Zheng, X.; Lee, H.; Weisgraber, T. H. Science, Vol. 344, Issue 6190 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1252291	journal	June 2014
Inertia effects in uniaxial dynamic compression of a closed cell aluminium alloy foam Tan, P. J.; Harrigan, J. J.; Reid, S. R. Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 18, Issue 5, p. 480-488 https://doi.org/10.1179/026708302225002092	journal	May 2002
Application of Stereolithography Based 3D Printing Technology in Investment Casting Mukhtarkhanov, Muslim; Perveen, Asma; Talamona, Didier Micromachines, Vol. 11, Issue 10, p. 946 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi11100946	journal	October 2020
A Brief Review on Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Composites and Nanocomposites Monfared, Vahid; Bakhsheshi-Rad, Hamid Reza; Ramakrishna, Seeram Micromachines, Vol. 12, Issue 6, p. 704 https://doi.org/10.3390/mi12060704	journal	June 2021
A Review of Stereolithography: Processes and Systems Huang, Jigang; Qin, Qin; Wang, Jie Processes, Vol. 8, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091138	journal	September 2020