EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body Simulations of Milky Way–mass Halos from Symphony

Wang, Yunchong; Mansfield, Philip; Nadler, Ethan O.; Darragh-Ford, Elise; Wechsler, Risa H.; Yang, Daneng; Yu, Hai-Bo

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adcfa3

EDEN: Exploring Disks Embedded in N-body Simulations of Milky Way–mass Halos from Symphony

Journal Article · Mon Jun 16 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adcfa3· OSTI ID:2571752

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Stanford University, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)
University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (United States); Carnegie Observatories, Pasadena, CA (United States); University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)
University of California, Riverside, CA (United States)

We investigate the impact of galactic disks on the tidal stripping of cold dark matter subhalos within Milky Way (MW)-mass halos (M_vir ∼ 10¹²M_⊙) using a new simulation suite, EDEN. By re-simulating 45 MW-mass zoomed-in halos from the N-body Symphony compilation with embedded disk potentials, which evolve according to star formation histories predicted by the UniverseMachine model, we self-consistently tie disk growth to halo accretion rate and significantly expand the range of disk masses and formation histories studied. We use the particle-tracking-based subhalo finder Symfind to enhance the robustness of subhalo tracking. We find that disks near the median disk-to-halo mass ratio of our sample (M_*,Disk/M_vir,host = 2%) reduce subhalo peak mass functions within 100 kpc by about 10% for peak masses above 10⁸M_⊙. Heavier, MW/M31-like disks (M_*,Disk/M_vir,host ≳ 5%) lead to a reduction of more than 40%. Subhalo abundance suppression is more pronounced near halo centers, with particularly enhanced stripping for subhalos accreted over 8 Gyr ago on orbits with pericenters <100 kpc. Suppression is further amplified when disk mass is increased within fixed halo and disk assembly histories. In all cases, the suppression we measure should be interpreted as stripping below the mass resolution limit rather than complete subhalo disruption. This study reshapes our understanding of the MW’s impact on its satellites, suggesting it strips subhalos more efficiently than typical MW-mass galaxies due to its larger disk-to-halo mass ratio and earlier disk formation.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); Stanford University, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: John Templeton Foundation; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); National Science Foundation (NSF); USDOE Office of Science (SC)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; SC0008541

OSTI ID:: 2571752

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 2572845

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 986; ISSN 0004-637X; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: American Astronomical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Strong Dark Matter Self-interactions Diversify Halo Populations within and surrounding the Milky Way Yang, Daneng; Nadler, Ethan O.; Yu, Hai-Bo The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 949, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acc73e	journal	May 2023
NeutralUniverseMachine: An Empirical Model for the Evolution of H i and H₂ Gas in the Universe Guo, Hong; Wang, Jing; Jones, Michael G. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 955, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aced47	journal	September 2023
ELVES. IV. The Satellite Stellar-to-halo Mass Relation Beyond the Milky Way Danieli, Shany; Greene, Jenny E.; Carlsten, Scott The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acefbd	journal	September 2023
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The AGORA High-resolution Galaxy Simulations Comparison Project. V. Satellite Galaxy Populations in a Cosmological Zoom-in Simulation of a Milky Way–Mass Halo Jung, Minyong; Roca-Fàbrega, Santi; Kim, Ji-hoon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 964, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad245b	journal	March 2024
Forecasts for Galaxy Formation and Dark Matter Constraints from Dwarf Galaxy Surveys Nadler, Ethan O.; Gluscevic, Vera; Driskell, Trey The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 967, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3bb1	journal	May 2024
Microgalaxies in LCDM Errani, Raphaël; Ibata, Rodrigo; Navarro, Julio F. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 968, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad402d	journal	June 2024
symfind : Addressing the Fragility of Subhalo Finders and Revealing the Durability of Subhalos Mansfield, Philip; Darragh-Ford, Elise; Wang, Yunchong The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 970, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad4e33	journal	July 2024
Milky Way-est: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Large Magellanic Cloud and Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus Analogs Buch, Deveshi; Nadler, Ethan O.; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 971, Issue 1, p. 79 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad554c	journal	August 2024
The SAGA Survey. IV. The Star Formation Properties of 101 Satellite Systems around Milky Way–mass Galaxies Geha, Marla; Mao, Yao-Yuan; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 976, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad61e7	journal	November 2024
The SAGA Survey. III. A Census of 101 Satellite Systems around Milky Way–mass Galaxies Mao, Yao-Yuan; Geha, Marla; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 976, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad64c4	journal	November 2024
The SAGA Survey. V. Modeling Satellite Systems around Milky Way–Mass Galaxies with Updated UniverseMachine Wang, Yunchong; Nadler, Ethan O.; Mao, Yao-Yuan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 976, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad7f4c	journal	November 2024
Public Data Release of the FIRE-2 Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations of Galaxy Formation Wetzel, Andrew; Hayward, Christopher C.; Sanderson, Robyn E. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 265, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/acb99a	journal	March 2023
Reconciling Dwarf Galaxies with Λcdm Cosmology: Simulating a Realistic Population of Satellites Around a Milky Way–Mass Galaxy Wetzel, Andrew R.; Hopkins, Philip F.; Kim, Ji-hoon The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 827, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/827/2/L23	journal	August 2016
The Effects of Dark Matter and Baryonic Physics on the Milky Way Subhalo Population in the Presence of the Large Magellanic Cloud Nadler, Ethan O.; Banerjee, Arka; Adhikari, Susmita The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 920, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac29c1	journal	October 2021
Atomic Gas Scaling Relations of Star-forming Galaxies at z ≈ 1 Chowdhury, Aditya; Kanekar, Nissim; Chengalur, Jayaram N. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 941, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac9d8a	journal	December 2022
A Self-interacting Dark Matter Solution to the Extreme Diversity of Low-mass Halo Properties Nadler, Ethan O.; Yang, Daneng; Yu, Hai-Bo The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 958, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad0e09	journal	November 2023

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