Global Regulations for Sustainable Battery Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities

Su, Dan; Mei, Yu; Liu, Tongchao; Amine, Khalil

doi:10.3390/su17073045

Global Regulations for Sustainable Battery Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities

Journal Article · Sat Mar 29 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · Sustainability (Basel)

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3390/su17073045· OSTI ID:2570818

Su, Dan ^[1]; Mei, Yu ^[2]; Liu, Tongchao ^[2]; Amine, Khalil ^[2]

Peking University, Beijing (China)
Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

With the rapid expansion of transportation electrification worldwide, the demand for electric vehicles (EVs) has increased dramatically, creating new and sustainable growth opportunities for the global economy. However, as the most expensive component of EVs, lithium-ion batteries pose significant sustainability challenges due to raw material consumption and supply chain constrains, as well as the complexities of end-of-life battery disposal and recycling. To address these concerns, many countries are actively establishing regulations to promote sustainable pathways for battery reuse and recycling. Despite these efforts, existing battery recycling regulations remain often inefficient and vary significantly across different countries in legal enforcement, producer responsibility, waste classification, recycling targets, design standards, public engagement, and financial incentives, particularly given the complexities of the global supply chain and resource distribution within the battery industry. Understanding these regulatory differences and establishing a unified framework are therefore crucial to ensuring sustainable and efficient battery recycling. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the necessity of establishing robust regulations for sustainable development of battery recycling industry. The evolution and refinement of battery recycling regulations are deeply reviewed to identifying persistent gaps and challenges in key countries. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges associated with regulatory enforcement and propose strategies for developing a more cohesive legislative framework to ensure the effective utilization of retired batteries.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Office of Sustainable Transportation. Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

OSTI ID:: 2570818

Journal Information:: Sustainability (Basel), Journal Name: Sustainability (Basel) Journal Issue: 7 Vol. 17; ISSN 2071-1050

Publisher:: MDPICopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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