Recently, many experiments have been conducted with the goal of demonstrating a quantum advantage over classical computation. One popular framework for these experiments is Gaussian boson sampling, where quadratic photonic input states are interfered via a linear optical unitary and subsequently measured in the Fock basis. In this paper, we study the modal entanglement of the output states in this framework just before the measurement stage. Specifically, we compute Page curves as measured by various Rényi- entropies, where the Page curve describes the entanglement between two partitioned groups of output modes averaged over all linear optical unitaries. We derive these formulas for (i.e., the von Neumann entropy) and, more generally, for all positive integer , in the asymptotic limit of infinite number of modes and for input states that are composed of single-mode-squeezed-vacuum state with equal squeezing strength. We then analyze the limiting behaviors when the squeezing is small and large. Having determined the averages, we then explicitly calculate the Rényi- variance for integers and are able to show that these entropies are weakly typical.
@article{osti_2565016,
author = {Youm, Jason and Iosue, Joseph T. and Ehrenberg, Adam and Wang, Yu-Xin and Gorshkov, Alexey V.},
title = {Average Rényi entanglement entropy in Gaussian boson sampling},
annote = { Recently, many experiments have been conducted with the goal of demonstrating a quantum advantage over classical computation. One popular framework for these experiments is Gaussian boson sampling, where quadratic photonic input states are interfered via a linear optical unitary and subsequently measured in the Fock basis. In this paper, we study the modal entanglement of the output states in this framework just before the measurement stage. Specifically, we compute Page curves as measured by various Rényi- α entropies, where the Page curve describes the entanglement between two partitioned groups of output modes averaged over all linear optical unitaries. We derive these formulas for α = 1 (i.e., the von Neumann entropy) and, more generally, for all positive integer α , in the asymptotic limit of infinite number of modes and for input states that are composed of single-mode-squeezed-vacuum state with equal squeezing strength. We then analyze the limiting behaviors when the squeezing is small and large. Having determined the averages, we then explicitly calculate the Rényi- α variance for integers α > 1 and are able to show that these entropies are weakly typical. Published by the American Physical Society 2025 },
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevResearch.7.023125},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2565016},
journal = {Physical Review Research},
issn = {ISSN PPRHAI},
number = {2},
volume = {7},
place = {United States},
publisher = {American Physical Society},
year = {2025},
month = {05}}
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 356, Issue 1743https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1998.0244