Reducing NOx Emissions in Ammonia Combustors

Conference · Mon Jun 16 04:00:00 EDT 2025

OSTI ID:2562158

Rana, Sanyendra ^[1]; Papas, Paul ^[2]; Smith, Lance L ^[2]; Sung, Chih-Jen ^[1]

---

1. University of Connecticut
2. RTX Technology Research Center, East Hartford, CT (United States)

Ammonia continues to attract growing interest as a carbonneutral replacement fuel, motivating numerous research efforts toward understanding fundamental ammonia combustion characteristics. A major challenge for the use of ammonia is the development of combustor technologies for mitigating potentially high NOx emissions from the fuel-bound nitrogen chemical pathways to acceptable levels. Our work focuses on a staged RQL combustor architecture for minimizing the NOx emission levels through burning fuel-rich in the primary stage to formcombustion products containing significant levels of hydrogen in addition to nitrogen and water with minimal NOx formation. The subsequent quench and burnout stages of the combustor must then quickly burn residual hydrogen with flame-temperatures moderated by nitrogen and water forming in the first stage. Chemical Reactor Network modeling was used to understand and identify optimal stoichiometry and residence times in each stage for minimizing NOx emissions and to quantify pressure and temperature effects. Reducing the overall NOx emissions requires relatively long residence times in the primary stage to achieve near equilibrium NO levels due to kinetically controlling processes. For conditions relevant to gas turbines (e.g., 30 atm), our work indicates that NOx emissions below 20 ppm are theoretically achievable in a staged RQL combustor architecture. However, these emission predictions significantly depend on the accuracies of currently available chemical kinetic mechanisms which have not been extensively validated under elevated pressure and temperature conditions relevant to gas turbines.

• Research Organization: RTX Technology Research Center (RTRC)
• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE Office of Fossil Energy and Carbon Management (FECM)
• DOE Contract Number: FE0032169
• OSTI ID: 2562158
• Country of Publication: United States
• Language: English

Related Subjects

10 SYNTHETIC FUELS
Ammonia
Combustion
NOx
Gas Turbine