Influence of Control and Limiter Schemes on Sequence-Domain Fault Models of Grid-Forming Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators

Chakraborty, Soham; Das, Sarasij; Singh, Utkarsh; Lekic, Aleksandra; Singh, Ravi; Chavez, Jose de Jesus; Popov, Marjan

doi:10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3540446

Influence of Control and Limiter Schemes on Sequence-Domain Fault Models of Grid-Forming Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators

Journal Article · Tue Feb 11 04:00:00 EST 2025 · IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1109/TPWRD.2025.3540446· OSTI ID:2558983

Chakraborty, Soham; Das, Sarasij; Singh, Utkarsh; Lekic, Aleksandra; Singh, Ravi; Chavez, Jose de Jesus; Popov, Marjan

Unlike synchronous generators, the fault response of grid-forming (GFM) inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDGs) is notably governed by the selection of control and current limiting strategies rather than inherent physical traits. While recent research has focused on the sequence domain fault model of GFM IIDGs, a research gap exists in elucidating the influence of control and current limiting schemes on this model's characteristics. This article aims to fill this void by examining how different control and current limiting schemes influence the positive and negative sequence impedances in the phasor-domain fault model of GFM IIDGs. This investigation encompasses droop-based, virtual synchronous machine-based, and virtual oscillator-based reference generation controls alongside rotating and stationary reference-frame-based voltage controls. Furthermore, saturation-based, latching-based, circular and virtual impedance-based current limiting schemes are analyzed. To achieve this goal, a thorough numerical simulation study is conducted. Findings indicate that outer reference generation controls exhibit minimal impact. Conversely, the choice of voltage control and various current limiting schemes emerge as the predominant factors shaping the sequence models of GFM IIDGs. These analyses and results are instrumental in devising reliable protection strategies within inverter-based grids, as a comprehensive understanding of electrical elements in the sequence domain is imperative for effective protective measures.

Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL)

DOE Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 2558983

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5D00-94365; MainId:96147; UUID:a63ee6e3-0d4b-4ae8-97c3-7dbad0326e35; MainAdminId:76661

Journal Information:: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Journal Name: IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 40

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Influence of Control and Limiter Schemes on Sequence-Domain Fault Models of Grid-Forming Inverter-Interfaced Distributed Generators

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