Shallow Rate-Redox Potential Scaling in Aqueous Molecular Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis Across a Family of Iron Macrocycles

Marshall-Roth, Travis; Liu, Liang; Mannava, Vennela; Harraz, Deiaa M.; Cook, Brian J.; Bullock, R. Morris; Surendranath, Yogesh

doi:10.1021/acscatal.4c06561

Shallow Rate-Redox Potential Scaling in Aqueous Molecular Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis Across a Family of Iron Macrocycles

Journal Article · Thu Dec 05 00:00:00 EST 2024 · ACS Catalysis

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.4c06561· OSTI ID:2558090

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[1]; Harraz, Deiaa M. ^[1]; ^[2]; ^[2]; ^[1]

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Rate-overpotential scaling relationships have been employed widely to understand trends in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis by dissolved metal macrocycles in organic electrolytes. Similar scaling relationships remain unknown for surface-adsorbed ORR electrocatalysts in the acidic aqueous environments germane to proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Herein, we examine ORR catalysis in aqueous perchloric acid media for a structurally diverse array of iron macrocycle complexes adsorbed on Vulcan carbon black. The macrocycles encompass Fe– N₄, Fe–N₂N'₂ and Fe–N_xC_4-x motifs bearing pyrrolic, pyridinic, and N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) moieties in the primary ligation sphere, giving rise to a 670 mV range in Fe(III/II) redox potentials, E_Fe(III/II). Experimental Tafel data in the micropolarization regime were extrapolated to the E_Fe(III/II) to furnish estimated per-site-normalized current density (j_per-site) values that span ~4.6 orders of magnitude across the family of compounds. Despite the structural diversity of this family of compounds, extrapolated j_per-site values correlate with the Fe(III/II) redox potentials in a roughly log-linear fashion with a shallow scaling factor of approximately 145 mV/decade. Further, these findings highlight that negative shifts in E_Fe(III/II) lead to diminishing returns in catalytic rate promotion and suggest that changes to the primary ligating environment in a macrocycle are insufficient to break fundamental rate-potential scaling relationships in aqueous ORR catalysis. Together these studies motivate the further development of higher-potential iron complexes that employ motifs beyond the equatorial ligation plane to enhance ORR catalysis.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Research Organization:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis (CME); Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 2558090

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA--206943

Journal Information:: ACS Catalysis, Journal Name: ACS Catalysis Journal Issue: 24 Vol. 14; ISSN 2155-5435

Publisher:: American Chemical Society (ACS)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (80)

Improving the Stability of Non‐Noble‐Metal M–N–C Catalysts for Proton‐Exchange‐Membrane Fuel Cells through M–N Bond Length and Coordination Regulation Miao, Zhengpei; Wang, Xiaoming; Zhao, Zhonglong Advanced Materials, Vol. 33, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202006613	journal	August 2021
Reactivity Descriptors for the Activity of Molecular MN4 Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction Zagal, José H.; Koper, Marc T. M. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 55, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201604311	journal	September 2016
Carbenaporphyrins: No Longer Missing Ligands in N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Chemistry Maulbetsch, Theo; Kunz, Doris Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 60, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202013434	journal	November 2020
Oxygen Reduction on Transition-Metal Porphyrins in Acid Electrolyte I. Activity van Veen, J. A. R.; van Baar, J. F.; Kroese, C. J. Berichte der Bunsengesellschaft für physikalische Chemie, Vol. 85, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbpc.19810850917	journal	September 1981
Systematic Selection of Metalloporphyrin‐Based Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction by Modulation of the Donor–Acceptor Intermolecular Hardness Masa, Justus; Schuhmann, Wolfgang Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 19, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201203846	journal	June 2013
Cobalt Phenanthroline–Indole Macrocycles as Highly Active Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Quernheim, Martin; Liang, Haiwei; Su, Qi Chemistry – A European Journal, Vol. 20, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404454	journal	October 2014
Fighting Fenton Chemistry: A Highly Active Iron(III) Tetracarbene Complex in Epoxidation Catalysis Kück, Jens W.; Anneser, Markus R.; Hofmann, Benjamin ChemSusChem, Vol. 8, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201500930	journal	November 2015
Facile Synthesis of 9,10,19,20‐Tetraarylporphycenes Ganapathi, Emandi; Chatterjee, Tamal; Ravikanth, Mangalampalli European Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 2014, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201402770	journal	September 2014
Metallophthalocyanines as catalysts in electrochemical reactions Zagal, José H. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, Vol. 119 https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(92)80031-L	journal	October 1992
Oxygen reduction on monomeric transition metal phthalocyanines in acid electrolyte van Veen, J. A. R.; Visser, C. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 24, Issue 9, p. 921-928 https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(79)87088-7	journal	September 1979
Redox potential and electrocatalysis of O2 reduction on transition metal chelates van der Putten, A.; Elzing, A.; Visscher, W. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry, Vol. 221, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(87)80248-6	journal	April 1987
Dioxygen electrocatalysis: mechanisms in relation to catalyst structure Yeager, Ernest Journal of Molecular Catalysis, Vol. 38, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(86)87045-6	journal	November 1986
Review of Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: From Nanoscale Engineering to Atomic Design Wang, Xiaoqian; Li, Zhijun; Qu, Yunteng Chem, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2019.03.002	journal	June 2019
Electrocatalytic activity and stability of substituted iron phthalocyanines towards oxygen reduction evaluated at different temperatures Baker, Ryan; Wilkinson, David P.; Zhang, Jiujun Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 53, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2008.01.055	journal	October 2008
Oxygen reduction reaction in acid medium at iron phthalocyanine dispersed on high surface area carbon substrate: tolerance to methanol, stability and kinetics Baranton, S.; Coutanceau, C.; Roux, C. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Vol. 577, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2004.11.034	journal	April 2005
Redox flow batteries: Status and perspective towards sustainable stationary energy storage Sánchez-Díez, Eduardo; Ventosa, Edgar; Guarnieri, Massimo Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 481 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228804	journal	January 2021
Phthalocyanine tethered iron phthalocyanine on graphitized carbon black as superior electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction Zhang, Zhengping; Dou, Meiling; Ji, Jing Nano Energy, Vol. 34 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.02.042	journal	April 2017
Developing Scaling Relationships for Molecular Electrocatalysis through Studies of Fe-Porphyrin-Catalyzed O ₂ Reduction Martin, Daniel J.; Wise, Catherine F.; Pegis, Michael L. Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 53, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00044	journal	April 2020
1 H -1,2,3-Triazol-5-ylidenes: Readily Available Mesoionic Carbenes Guisado-Barrios, Gregorio; Soleilhavoup, Michèle; Bertrand, Guy Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 51, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00480	journal	November 2018
Review on the Degradation Mechanisms of Metal-N-C Catalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Acid Electrolyte: Current Understanding and Mitigation Approaches Kumar, Kavita; Dubau, Laetitia; Jaouen, Frédéric Chemical Reviews, Vol. 123, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00685	journal	July 2023
Recent Advances in Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Shao, Minhua; Chang, Qiaowan; Dodelet, Jean-Pol Chemical Reviews, Vol. 116, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00462	journal	February 2016
Oxygen Reduction by Homogeneous Molecular Catalysts and Electrocatalysts Pegis, Michael L.; Wise, Catherine F.; Martin, Daniel J. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00542	journal	December 2017
Introduction: Oxygen Reduction and Activation in Catalysis Solomon, Edward I.; Stahl, Shannon S. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00046	journal	December 2017
Mesoionic and Related Less Heteroatom-Stabilized N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis, Catalysis, and Other Applications Vivancos, Ángela; Segarra, Candela; Albrecht, Martin Chemical Reviews, Vol. 118, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00148	journal	March 2018
Iron Complexes of a Macrocyclic N-Heterocyclic Carbene/Pyridine Hybrid Ligand Klawitter, Iris; Anneser, Markus R.; Dechert, Sebastian Organometallics, Vol. 34, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.5b00103	journal	May 2015
Molecular Cobalt Catalysts for O ₂ Reduction to H ₂ O ₂ : Benchmarking Catalyst Performance via Rate–Overpotential Correlations Wang, Yu-Heng; Mondal, Biswajit; Stahl, Shannon S. ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.0c02197	journal	September 2020
Effect of Support on Oxygen Reduction Reaction Activity of Supported Iron Porphyrins Hua, Qi; Madsen, Kenneth E.; Esposito, Anne Marie ACS Catalysis, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.1c04871	journal	January 2022
Advances in the Molecular Catalysis of Dioxygen Reduction Machan, Charles W. ACS Catalysis, Vol. 10, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b04477	journal	January 2020
Homogenous Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction Rates Correlate with Reaction Overpotential in Acidic Organic Solutions Pegis, Michael L.; McKeown, Bradley A.; Kumar, Neeraj ACS Central Science, Vol. 2, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.6b00261	journal	October 2016
Brønsted Acid Scaling Relationships Enable Control Over Product Selectivity from O 2 Reduction with a Mononuclear Cobalt Porphyrin Catalyst Wang, Yu-Heng; Schneider, Patrick E.; Goldsmith, Zachary K. ACS Central Science, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.9b00194	journal	June 2019
Experimental Protocols for Studying Organic Non-aqueous Redox Flow Batteries Li, Min; Odom, Susan A.; Pancoast, Adam R. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.1c01675	journal	October 2021
Tafel Slope Plot as a Tool to Analyze Electrocatalytic Reactions van der Heijden, Onno; Park, Sunghak; Vos, Rafaël E. ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 4, p. 1871-1879 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.4c00266	journal	April 2024
Spin-state/stereochemical relationships in iron porphyrins: implications for the hemoproteins Scheidt, W. Robert; Reed, Christopher A. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 81, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00046a002	journal	December 1981
Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Xu, Kang Chemical Reviews, Vol. 104, Issue 10, p. 4303-4418 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030203g	journal	October 2004
Homogeneous versus Heterogeneous Self-Exchange Electron Transfer Reactions of Metal Complexes: Insights from Pressure Effects Swaddle, Thomas W. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 105, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr030727g	journal	June 2005
Catalytic pathways for the electroreduction of oxygen by iron tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin or iron tetraphenylporphyrin adsorbed on edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrodes Shi, Chunnian; Anson, Fred C. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 29, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00346a027	journal	October 1990
Square Planar vs Tetrahedral Geometry in Four Coordinate Iron(II) Complexes Hawrelak, Eric J.; Bernskoetter, Wesley H.; Lobkovsky, Emil Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 44, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic048202+	journal	March 2005
Four-Coordinate Iron(II) Porphyrinates: Electronic Configuration Change by Intermolecular Interaction Hu, Chuanjiang; Noll, Bruce C.; Schulz, Charles E. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic0620182	journal	January 2007
Intermolecular Interactions in Solid-State Metalloporphyrins and Their Impacts on Crystal and Molecular Structures Hunter, Seth C.; Smith, Brenda A.; Hoffmann, Christina M. Inorganic Chemistry, Vol. 53, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1021/ic5015835	journal	October 2014
Electrocatalytic Activity of Three Iron Porphyrins in the Reductions of Dioxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide at Graphite Electrodes Shigehara, Kiyotaka; Anson, Fred C. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 86, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100211a043	journal	July 1982
Electrocatalytic aspects of iron phthalocyanine and its .mu.-oxo derivatives dispersed on high surface area carbon Tanaka, A. A.; Fierro, C.; Scherson, D. The Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol. 91, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/j100298a016	journal	July 1987
Synthesis and characterization of square-planar iron(II) complexes with dianionic tetraaza macrocyclic ligands and their novel derivatives Riley, Dennis P.; Stone, John A.; Busch, Daryle H. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 99, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00445a018	journal	February 1977
Turnover Numbers, Turnover Frequencies, and Overpotential in Molecular Catalysis of Electrochemical Reactions. Cyclic Voltammetry and Preparative-Scale Electrolysis Costentin, Cyrille; Drouet, Samuel; Robert, Marc Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 27, p. 11235-11242 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja303560c	journal	June 2012
Catalytic Reduction of Dioxygen to Water by a Bioinspired Non-Heme Iron Complex via a 2+2 Mechanism Cook, Emma N.; Dickie, Diane A.; Machan, Charles W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c04572	journal	October 2021
Rapid Electron Transfer Self-Exchange in Conformationally Dynamic Copper Coordination Complexes Griffin, Paul J.; Olshansky, Lisa Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 145, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c05935	journal	September 2023
Medium Effects Are as Important as Catalyst Design for Selectivity in Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction by Iron–Porphyrin Complexes Rigsby, Matthew L.; Wasylenko, Derek J.; Pegis, Michael L. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b00359	journal	March 2015
Identifying and Breaking Scaling Relations in Molecular Catalysis of Electrochemical Reactions Pegis, Michael L.; Wise, Catherine F.; Koronkiewicz, Brian Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b05642	journal	August 2017
Electrocatalytic Reduction of Dioxygen to Hydrogen Peroxide by a Molecular Manganese Complex with a Bipyridine-Containing Schiff Base Ligand Hooe, Shelby L.; Rheingold, Arnold L.; Machan, Charles W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 140, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b09027	journal	December 2017
Molecular Cobalt Catalysts for O 2 Reduction: Low-Overpotential Production of H 2 O 2 and Comparison with Iron-Based Catalysts Wang, Yu-Heng; Pegis, Michael L.; Mayer, James M. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 139, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b09089	journal	November 2017
Dioxygen Reduction to Hydrogen Peroxide by a Molecular Mn Complex: Mechanistic Divergence between Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Reductants Hooe, Shelby L.; Machan, Charles W. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b13373	journal	February 2019
Mechanism of Catalytic O ₂ Reduction by Iron Tetraphenylporphyrin Pegis, Michael L.; Martin, Daniel J.; Wise, Catherine F. Journal of the American Chemical Society https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b02640	journal	May 2019
Operando Characterization of Iron Phthalocyanine Deactivation during Oxygen Reduction Reaction Using Electrochemical Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Chen, Zhu; Jiang, Song; Kang, Gyeongwon Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 141, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b07979	journal	September 2019
Selectivity-Determining Steps in O ₂ Reduction Catalyzed by Iron(tetramesitylporphyrin) Brezny, Anna C.; Johnson, Samantha I.; Raugei, Simone Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 142, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b13654	journal	February 2020
Adlayer Structures and Electrocatalytic Activity for O₂ of Metallophthalocyanines on Au(111): In Situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study Yoshimoto, Soichiro; Tada, Akinori; Suto, Koji The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 107, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp027825a	journal	May 2003
Understanding and Controlling Nanoporosity Formation for Improving the Stability of Bimetallic Fuel Cell Catalysts Gan, Lin; Heggen, Marc; O’Malley, Rachel Nano Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl304488q	journal	February 2013
A New Fuel Cell Cathode Catalyst Jasinski, Raymond Nature, Vol. 201, Issue 4925, p. 1212-1213 https://doi.org/10.1038/2011212a0	journal	March 1964
Powering the planet with solar fuel Gray, Harry B. Nature Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.141	journal	April 2009
A pyridinic Fe-N4 macrocycle models the active sites in Fe/N-doped carbon electrocatalysts Marshall-Roth, Travis; Libretto, Nicole J.; Wrobel, Alexandra T. Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18969-6	journal	October 2020
Towards an intelligent design of molecular electrocatalysts Costentin, Cyrille; Savéant, Jean-Michel Nature Reviews Chemistry, Vol. 1, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-017-0087	journal	October 2017
Achievements, challenges and perspectives on cathode catalysts in proton exchange membrane fuel cells for transportation Wang, Xiao Xia; Swihart, Mark T.; Wu, Gang Nature Catalysis, Vol. 2, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0304-9	journal	July 2019
Identification of durable and non-durable FeNx sites in Fe–N–C materials for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Li, Jingkun; Sougrati, Moulay Tahar; Zitolo, Andrea Nature Catalysis, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-00545-2	journal	December 2020
Structural variation in copper( i ) complexes with pyridylmethylamide ligands: structural analysis with a new four-coordinate geometry index, τ ₄ Yang, Lei; Powell, Douglas R.; Houser, Robert P. Dalton Trans., Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/B617136B	journal	January 2007
A porphyrin-related macrocycle from carbazole and pyridine building blocks: synthesis and metal coordination Arnold, Lena; Norouzi-Arasi, Hassan; Wagner, Manfred Chem. Commun., Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0CC03052J	journal	January 2011
Oxygen electrocatalysts in metal–air batteries: from aqueous to nonaqueous electrolytes Wang, Zhong-Li; Xu, Dan; Xu, Ji-Jing Chem. Soc. Rev., Vol. 43, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3CS60248F	journal	January 2014
Record activity and stability of dealloyed bimetallic catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells Han, Binghong; Carlton, Christopher E.; Kongkanand, Anusorn Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE02144D	journal	January 2015
Polymer coordination promotes selective CO ₂ reduction by cobalt phthalocyanine Kramer, W. W.; McCrory, C. C. L. Chemical Science, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5SC04015A	journal	January 2016
Electrocatalytic CO ₂ reduction with nickel complexes supported by tunable bipyridyl-N-heterocyclic carbene donors: understanding redox-active macrocycles Su, Xiaojun; McCardle, Kaitlin M.; Panetier, Julien A. Chemical Communications, Vol. 54, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CC00266E	journal	January 2018
Gram-scale synthesis of porphycenes through acid-catalyzed oxidative macrocyclizations of E/Z-mixed 5,6-diaryldipyrroethenes Ono, Toshikazu; Xu, Ning; Koga, Daiki RSC Advances, Vol. 8, Issue 69 https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA09040H	journal	January 2018
Multiple selectivity-determining mechanisms of H₂O₂formation in iron porphyrin-catalysed oxygen reduction Brezny, Anna C.; Nedzbala, Hannah S.; Mayer, James M. Chemical Communications, Vol. 57, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1039/D0CC06701F	journal	January 2021
Strategies for boosting carbon electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in non-aqueous metal–air battery systems Li, Weijie; Han, Chao; Zhang, Kai Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TA00203A	journal	January 2021
Synthesis, structure, and spectroscopic properties of copper( II ) compounds containing nitrogen–sulphur donor ligands; the crystal and molecular structure of aqua[1,7-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2′-yl)-2,6-dithiaheptane]copper( II ) perchlorate Addison, Anthony W.; Rao, T. Nageswara; Reedijk, Jan J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/DT9840001349	journal	January 1984
Structure of the catalytic sites in Fe/N/C-catalysts for O2-reduction in PEM fuel cells Kramm, Ulrike I.; Herranz, Juan; Larouche, Nicholas Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cp41957b	journal	January 2012
Powering the planet: Chemical challenges in solar energy utilization Lewis, N. S.; Nocera, D. G. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 103, Issue 43, p. 15729-15735 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603395103	journal	October 2006
Chloro(2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethylporphyrinato)iron(III) Senge, Mathias O. Acta Crystallographica Section E Structure Reports Online, Vol. 61, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1107/S1600536805002461	journal	January 2005
Combining scaling relationships overcomes rate versus overpotential trade-offs in O ₂ molecular electrocatalysis Martin, Daniel J.; Mercado, Brandon Q.; Mayer, James M. Science Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aaz3318	journal	March 2020
Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: Insights into materials design Seh, Zhi Wei; Kibsgaard, Jakob; Dickens, Colin F. Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6321 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad4998	journal	January 2017
Microwave-assisted synthesis and sublimation enthalpies of hemiporphyrazines Kuznetsova, Aleksandra S.; Pechnikova, Nadezhda L.; Zhabanov, Yuriy A. Journal of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines, Vol. 23, Issue 03 https://doi.org/10.1142/S1088424619500263	journal	March 2019
A Mechanistic Study of O[sub 2] Reduction on Water Soluble Phthalocyanines Adsorbed on Graphite Electrodes Zagal, J. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 127, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2129940	journal	January 1980
A Possible Interpretation for the High Catalytic Activity of Heat-Treated Non-Precious Metal Nx/C Catalysts for O2 Reduction in Terms of Their Formal Potentials Zagal, José H.; Ponce, Ingrid; Baez, Daniela Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.032206esl	journal	January 2012
Toward Platinum Group Metal-Free Catalysts for Hydrogen/Air Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Jaouen, Frédéric; Jones, Deborah; Coutard, Nathan Johnson Matthey Technology Review, Vol. 62, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1595/205651318X696828	journal	April 2018

Similar Records

Multilevel Computational Studies Reveal the Importance of Axial Ligand for Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Fe–N–C Materials

Journal Article · Tue Aug 23 20:00:00 EDT 2022 · Journal of the American Chemical Society · OSTI ID:2217131

Related Subjects

37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
O2 electroreduction
aqueous rate-potential scaling trends
heterogeneous Fe macrocycle catalysts

Shallow Rate-Redox Potential Scaling in Aqueous Molecular Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis Across a Family of Iron Macrocycles

Citation Formats

References (80)

Similar Records

Related Subjects