Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage–Enceladus Analogs: Two Sausages, One Bun?

Folsom, Dylan; Lisanti, Mariangela; Necib, Lina; Horta, Danny; Vogelsberger, Mark; Hernquist, Lars

doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adbe31

Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage–Enceladus Analogs: Two Sausages, One Bun?

Journal Article · Mon Apr 14 00:00:00 EDT 2025 · The Astrophysical Journal

DOI:https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/adbe31· OSTI ID:2555914

^[1]; ^[2]; ^[3]; ^[4]; ^[3]; ^[5]

Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)
Princeton Univ., NJ (United States); Flatiron Institute, New York, NY (United States)
Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions, Cambridge, MA (United States)
Flatiron Institute, New York, NY (United States)
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)

Observations of the Milky Way’s stellar halo find that it is predominantly comprised of a radially biased population of stars, dubbed the Gaia Sausage–Enceladus, or GSE. These stars are thought to be debris from dwarf galaxy accretion early in the Milky Way’s history. Though typically considered to be from a single merger, it is possible that the GSE debris has multiple sources. To investigate this possibility, we use the IllustrisTNG50 simulation to identify stellar accretion histories in 98 Milky Way analogs—the largest sample for which such an identification has been performed—and find GSE-like debris in 32, with two-merger GSEs accounting for a third of these cases. Distinguishing single-merger GSEs from two-merger GSEs is difficult in common kinematic spaces, but differences are more evident through chemical abundances and star formation histories. This is because single-merger GSEs are typically accreted more recently than the galaxies in two-merger GSEs: the median infall times (with 16th and 84th percentiles) are $$5.{9}_{-2.0}^{+3.3}$$ and $$10.{7}_{-3.7}^{+1.2}$$ Gyr ago for single- and two-merger scenarios, respectively. The systematic shifts in abundances and ages that occur as a result suggest that efforts in modeling these aspects of the stellar halo prove ever-important in understanding its assembly.

View Journal Article

Research Organization:: Princeton Univ., NJ (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0007968

OSTI ID:: 2555914

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 3011160
OSTI ID: 3010860

Journal Information:: The Astrophysical Journal, Journal Name: The Astrophysical Journal Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 983; ISSN 0004-637X; ISSN 1538-4357

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (141)

Galactic Archaeology with Gaia Deason, Alis J.; Belokurov, Vasily New Astronomy Reviews, Vol. 99 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newar.2024.101706	journal	December 2024
Properties of galaxies reproduced by a hydrodynamic simulation Vogelsberger, M.; Genel, S.; Springel, V. Nature, Vol. 509, Issue 7499 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13316	journal	May 2014
Uncovering the birth of the Milky Way through accurate stellar ages with Gaia Gallart, Carme; Bernard, Edouard J.; Brook, Chris B. Nature Astronomy, Vol. 3, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-019-0829-5	journal	July 2019
Chronologically dating the early assembly of the Milky Way Montalbán, Josefina; Mackereth, J. Ted; Miglio, Andrea Nature Astronomy, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-021-01347-7	journal	May 2021
A tilted dark halo origin of the Galactic disk warp and flare Han, Jiwon Jesse; Conroy, Charlie; Hernquist, Lars Nature Astronomy, Vol. 7, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-023-02076-9	journal	September 2023
The merger that led to the formation of the Milky Way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk Helmi, Amina; Babusiaux, Carine; Koppelman, Helmer H. Nature, Vol. 563, Issue 7729 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0625-x	journal	October 2018
Array programming with NumPy Harris, Charles R.; Millman, K. Jarrod; van der Walt, Stéfan J. Nature, Vol. 585, Issue 7825 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2	journal	September 2020
SciPy 1.0: fundamental algorithms for scientific computing in Python Virtanen, Pauli; Gommers, Ralf; Oliphant, Travis E. Nature Methods https://doi.org/10.1038/s41592-019-0686-2	journal	February 2020
Cosmological simulations of galaxy formation Vogelsberger, Mark; Marinacci, Federico; Torrey, Paul Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 2, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0127-2	journal	January 2020
Populating a cluster of galaxies - I. Results at \fontshape{it}{z}=0 Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M.; Tormen, Giuseppe Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 328, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04912.x	journal	December 2001
Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters Ade, P. A. R.; Aghanim, N.; Arnaud, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 594 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201525830	journal	September 2016
On the kinematic detection of accreted streams in the Gaia era: a cautionary tale Jean-Baptiste, I.; Di Matteo, P.; Haywood, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 604 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629691	journal	August 2017
Origin of the system of globular clusters in the Milky Way Massari, D.; Koppelman, H. H.; Helmi, A. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 630 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936135	journal	September 2019
Multiple retrograde substructures in the Galactic halo: A shattered view of Galactic history Koppelman, Helmer H.; Helmi, Amina; Massari, Davide Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 631 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936738	journal	November 2019
The messy merger of a large satellite and a Milky Way-like galaxy Koppelman, Helmer H.; Bos, Roy O. Y.; Helmi, Amina Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 642 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202038652	journal	October 2020
Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun Lövdal, S. S.; Ruiz-Lara, T.; Koppelman, H. H. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 665 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243060	journal	September 2022
Gaia Data Release 3 No authors listed Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 674 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243940	journal	June 2023
Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus star formation history as revealed by detailed elemental abundances Ernandes, H.; Feuillet, D.; Feltzing, S. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 691 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202450827	journal	November 2024
The evolution of large-scale structure in a universe dominated by cold dark matter Davis, M.; Efstathiou, G.; Frenk, C. S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 292 https://doi.org/10.1086/163168	journal	May 1985
Galaxy formation through hierarchical clustering White, Simon D. M.; Frenk, Carlos S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 379 https://doi.org/10.1086/170483	journal	September 1991
Fossil Signatures of Ancient Accretion Events in the Halo Johnston, Kathryn V.; Hernquist, Lars; Bolte, Michael The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 465 https://doi.org/10.1086/177418	journal	July 1996
A Prescription for Building the Milky Way's Halo from Disrupted Satellites Johnston, Kathryn V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 495, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/305273	journal	March 1998
The Local Group and Other Neighboring Galaxy Groups Karachentsev, I. D. The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 129, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1086/426368	journal	January 2005
Λ Cold Dark Matter, Stellar Feedback, and the Galactic Halo Abundance Pattern Robertson, Brant; Bullock, James S.; Font, Andreea S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 632, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/452619	journal	October 2005
Tracing Galaxy Formation with Stellar Halos. I. Methods Bullock, James S.; Johnston, Kathryn V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 635, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/497422	journal	December 2005
Phase‐Space Distributions of Chemical Abundances in Milky Way–Type Galaxy Halos Font, Andreea S.; Johnston, Kathryn V.; Bullock, James S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 646, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1086/505131	journal	August 2006
The dual Origin of Stellar Halos Zolotov, Adi; Willman, Beth; Brooks, Alyson M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 702, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/702/2/1058	journal	August 2009
How Common are the Magellanic Clouds? Liu, Lulu; Gerke, Brian F.; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 733, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/733/1/62	journal	May 2011
SMALL-SCALE STRUCTURE IN THE SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY AND ΛCDM: ISOLATED ∼ L _* GALAXIES WITH BRIGHT SATELLITES Tollerud, Erik J.; Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Barton, Elizabeth J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 738, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/738/1/102	journal	August 2011
Statistics of Satellite Galaxies Around Milky-Way-Like Hosts Busha, Michael T.; Wechsler, Risa H.; Behroozi, Peter S. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 743, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/117	journal	November 2011
The m31 Velocity Vector. ii. Radial Orbit Toward the Milky way and Implied Local Group mass van der Marel, Roeland P.; Fardal, Mark; Besla, Gurtina The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 753, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/8	journal	June 2012
Improved Estimates of the Milky Way’S Stellar mass and star Formation rate from Hierarchical Bayesian Meta-Analysis Licquia, Timothy C.; Newman, Jeffrey A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 806, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/806/1/96	journal	June 2015
ASTEROSEISMIC FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF SOLAR-TYPE STARS OBSERVED BY THE NASA KEPLER MISSION Chaplin, W. J.; Basu, S.; Huber, D. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 210, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/1/1	journal	December 2013
The Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) Cui, Xiang-Qun; Zhao, Yong-Heng; Chu, Yao-Quan Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 12, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/12/9/003	journal	August 2012
Core condensation in heavy halos: a two-stage theory for galaxy formation and clustering White, S. D. M.; Rees, M. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 183, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/183.3.341	journal	July 1978
The milky way total mass profile as inferred from Gaia DR2 Cautun, Marius; Benítez-Llambay, Alejandro; Deason, Alis J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 494, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1017	journal	April 2020
Cosmological insights into the assembly of the radial and compact stellar halo of the Milky Way Elias, Lydia M.; Sales, Laura V.; Helmi, Amina Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 495, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1090	journal	April 2020
The little things matter: relating the abundance of ultrafaint satellites to the hosts’ assembly history Bose, Sownak; Deason, Alis J.; Belokurov, Vasily Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 495, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1199	journal	May 2020
The formation times and building blocks of Milky Way-mass galaxies in the FIRE simulations Santistevan, Isaiah B.; Wetzel, Andrew; El-Badry, Kareem Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 497, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa1923	journal	July 2020
The dual origin of the Galactic thick disc and halo from the gas-rich Gaia–Enceladus Sausage merger Grand, Robert J. J.; Kawata, Daisuke; Belokurov, Vasily Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 497, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2057	journal	July 2020
How unusual is the Milky Way’s assembly history? Evans, Tilly A.; Fattahi, Azadeh; Deason, Alis J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 497, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2202	journal	July 2020
A tale of two populations: surviving and destroyed dwarf galaxies and the build-up of the Milky Way’s stellar halo Fattahi, Azadeh; Deason, Alis J.; Frenk, Carlos S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 497, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2221	journal	August 2020
Evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a major building block of the halo buried in the inner Galaxy Horta, Danny; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Mackereth, J. Ted Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 500, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2987	journal	November 2020
The biggest splash Belokurov, Vasily; Sanders, Jason L.; Fattahi, Azadeh Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 494, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa876	journal	April 2020
Chemo-kinematics of the Gaia RR Lyrae: the halo and the disc Iorio, Giuliano; Belokurov, Vasily Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab005	journal	January 2021
The GALAH+ survey: Third data release Buder, Sven; Sharma, Sanjib; Kos, Janez Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 506, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1242	journal	May 2021
Pericentric passage-driven star formation in satellite galaxies and their hosts: CLUES from local group simulations Di Cintio, Arianna; Mostoghiu, Robert; Knebe, Alexander Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 506, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1682	journal	June 2021
Selecting accreted populations: metallicity, elemental abundances, and ages of the Gaia -Sausage-Enceladus and Sequoia populations Feuillet, Diane K.; Sahlholdt, Christian L.; Feltzing, Sofia Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 508, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab2614	journal	September 2021
Galactic potential constraints from clustering in action space of combined stellar stream data Reino, Stella; Rossi, Elena M.; Sanderson, Robyn E. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 502, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab304	journal	February 2021
Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the artemis simulations Dillamore, Adam M.; Belokurov, Vasily; Font, Andreea S. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 513, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac1038	journal	April 2022
The merger and assembly histories of Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with TNG50: disc survival through mergers Sotillo-Ramos, Diego; Pillepich, Annalisa; Donnari, Martina Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 516, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2586	journal	September 2022
The chemical characterization of halo substructure in the Milky Way based on APOGEE Horta, Danny; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Mackereth, J. Ted Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 520, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3179	journal	November 2022
Energy wrinkles and phase-space folds of the last major merger Belokurov, Vasily; Vasiliev, Eugene; Deason, Alis J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 518, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac3436	journal	November 2022
FIREbox: simulating galaxies at high dynamic range in a cosmological volume Feldmann, Robert; Quataert, Eliot; Faucher-Giguère, Claude-André Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 522, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1205	journal	April 2023
Satellites of Milky Way- and M31-like galaxies with TNG50: quenched fractions, gas content, and star formation histories Engler, Christoph; Pillepich, Annalisa; Joshi, Gandhali D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 522, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1357	journal	May 2023
The oblateness of the Milky Way dark matter halo from the stellar streams of NGC 3201, M68, and Palomar 5 Palau, Carles G.; Miralda-Escudé, Jordi Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 524, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad1930	journal	June 2023
Exploring the diversity and similarity of radially anisotropic Milky Way-like stellar haloes: implications for disrupted dwarf galaxy searches Orkney, Matthew D. A.; Laporte, Chervin F. P.; Grand, Robert J. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 525, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2361	journal	August 2023
A high fidelity Milky Way simulation with Kraken, Gaia-Enceladus, and Sequoia analogues: clues to their accretion histories García-Bethencourt, Guacimara; Brook, Chris B.; Grand, Robert J. J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 526, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2832	journal	September 2023
Dwarf galaxy archaeology from chemical abundances and star-formation histories Johnson, James W.; Conroy, Charlie; Johnson, Benjamin D. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 526, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad2985	journal	October 2023
VINTERGATAN-GM: The cosmological imprints of early mergers on Milky-Way-mass galaxies Rey, Martin P.; Agertz, Oscar; Starkenburg, Tjitske K. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 521, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad513	journal	February 2023
The wide-field, multiplexed, spectroscopic facility WEAVE: Survey design, overview, and simulated implementation Jin, Shoko; Trager, Scott C.; Dalton, Gavin B. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad557	journal	March 2023
Robust clustering of the local Milky Way stellar kinematic substructures with Gaia eDR3 Ou, Xiaowei; Necib, Lina; Frebel, Anna Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 521, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad706	journal	March 2023
The Local Group’s mass: probably no more than the sum of its parts Sawala, Till; Teeriaho, Meri; Johansson, Peter H. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 521, Issue 4, p. 4863-4877 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stad883	journal	March 2023
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically young Donlon, Thomas; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Sanderson, Robyn Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 531, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae1264	journal	May 2024
Milky Way and Andromeda analogues from the TNG50 simulation Pillepich, Annalisa; Sotillo-Ramos, Diego; Ramesh, Rahul Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 535, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stae2165	journal	September 2024
Dancing in the dark: galactic properties trace spin swings along the cosmic web Dubois, Y.; Pichon, C.; Welker, C. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1227	journal	August 2014
Introducing the Illustris Project: simulating the coevolution of dark and visible matter in the Universe Vogelsberger, Mark; Genel, Shy; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 444, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stu1536	journal	August 2014
The merger rate of galaxies in the Illustris simulation: a comparison with observations and semi-empirical models Rodriguez-Gomez, Vicente; Genel, Shy; Vogelsberger, Mark Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 449, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv264	journal	March 2015
The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way McMillan, Paul J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 465, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2759	journal	October 2016
Simulating galaxy formation with the IllustrisTNG model Pillepich, Annalisa; Springel, Volker; Nelson, Dylan Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 473, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2656	journal	October 2017
The masses and metallicities of stellar haloes reflect galactic merger histories D'Souza, Richard; Bell, Eric F. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 474, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx3081	journal	December 2017
Orbits of massive satellite galaxies – II. Bayesian estimates of the Milky Way and Andromeda masses using high-precision astrometry and cosmological simulations Patel, Ekta; Besla, Gurtina; Mandel, Kaisey Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 468, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx698	journal	March 2017
The need for speed: escape velocity and dynamical mass measurements of the Andromeda galaxy Kafle, Prajwal R.; Sharma, Sanjib; Lewis, Geraint F. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 475, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty082	journal	January 2018
The formation and assembly history of the Milky Way revealed by its globular cluster population Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik; Pfeffer, Joel L.; Reina-Campos, Marta Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1609	journal	June 2018
The origin of accreted stellar halo populations in the Milky Way using APOGEE, Gaia , and the EAGLE simulations Mackereth, J. Ted; Schiavon, Ricardo P.; Pfeffer, Joel Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 482, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2955	journal	November 2018
First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: a tale of two elements – chemical evolution of magnesium and europium Naiman, Jill P.; Pillepich, Annalisa; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty618	journal	March 2018
Quenching and ram pressure stripping of simulated Milky Way satellite galaxies Simpson, Christine M.; Grand, Robert J. J.; Gómez, Facundo A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty774	journal	March 2018
Co-formation of the disc and the stellar halo★ Belokurov, V.; Erkal, D.; Evans, N. W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty982	journal	June 2018
The origin of galactic metal-rich stellar halo components with highly eccentric orbits Fattahi, Azadeh; Belokurov, Vasily; Deason, Alis J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz159	journal	January 2019
First results from the TNG50 simulation: galactic outflows driven by supernovae and black hole feedback Nelson, Dylan; Pillepich, Annalisa; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2306	journal	August 2019
First results from the TNG50 simulation: the evolution of stellar and gaseous discs across cosmic time Pillepich, Annalisa; Nelson, Dylan; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 490, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2338	journal	September 2019
The halo’s ancient metal-rich progenitor revealed with BHB stars Lancaster, Lachlan; Koposov, Sergey E.; Belokurov, Vasily Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz853	journal	March 2019
The progenitors of the Milky Way stellar halo: big bricks favoured over little bricks Deason, A. J.; Belokurov, V.; Weisz, D. R. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 448, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/slv001	journal	February 2015
Weighing the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies with artificial intelligence Villanueva-Domingo, Pablo; Villaescusa-Navarro, Francisco; Genel, Shy Physical Review D, Vol. 107, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.107.103003	journal	May 2023
Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment Hunter, John D. Computing in Science & Engineering, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2007.55	journal	January 2007
On the mass-to-light ratio of the local Galactic disc and the optical luminosity of the Galaxy Flynn, C.; Holmberg, J.; Portinari, L. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 372, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10911.x	journal	November 2006
The formation and survival of discs in a ΛCDM universe Scannapieco, Cecilia; White, Simon D. M.; Springel, Volker Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 396, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14764.x	journal	June 2009
Substructures in hydrodynamical cluster simulations Dolag, K.; Borgani, S.; Murante, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 399, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15034.x	journal	October 2009
On the identification of substructure in phase space using orbital frequencies Gómez, Facundo A.; Helmi, Amina Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 401, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15841.x	journal	February 2010
There's no place like home? Statistics of Milky Way-mass dark matter haloes: Statistics of Milky Way-mass haloes Boylan-Kolchin, Michael; Springel, Volker; White, Simon D. M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16774.x	journal	June 2010
Mass models of the Milky Way: Mass models of the Milky Way McMillan, Paul J. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 414, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18564.x	journal	April 2011
Cosmological simulations of the formation of the stellar haloes around disc galaxies: Stellar haloes of disc galaxies Font, A. S.; McCarthy, I. G.; Crain, R. A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 416, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19227.x	journal	July 2011
Numba: a LLVM-based Python JIT compiler Lam, Siu Kwan; Pitrou, Antoine; Seibert, Stanley Proceedings of the Second Workshop on the LLVM Compiler Infrastructure in HPC - LLVM '15 https://doi.org/10.1145/2833157.2833162	conference	January 2015
Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way Helmi, Amina Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 58, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-032620-021917	journal	August 2020
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics in Astrophysics Springel, Volker Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 48, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081309-130914	journal	August 2010
The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties Bland-Hawthorn, Joss; Gerhard, Ortwin Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441	journal	September 2016
The IllustrisTNG simulations: public data release Nelson, Dylan; Springel, Volker; Pillepich, Annalisa Computational Astrophysics and Cosmology, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40668-019-0028-x	journal	May 2019
4MOST Consortium Survey 1: The Milky Way Halo Low-Resolution Survey Helmi, Amina; Irwin, Mike; Deason, Alis European Southern Observatory (ESO) https://doi.org/10.18727/0722-6691/5120	text	January 2019
Jupyter Notebooks – a publishing format for reproducible computational workflows Kluyver, Thomas; Ragan-Kelley, Benjamin; Perez, Fernando Positioning and Power in Academic Publishing: Players, Agents and Agendas https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-649-1-87	book	January 2021
The Eating Habits of Milky Way-Mass Halos: Destroyed Dwarf Satellites and the Metallicity Distribution of Accreted Stars Deason, Alis J.; Mao, Yao-Yuan; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 821, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/5	journal	April 2016
Sizing up the Milky way: a Bayesian Mixture Model Meta-Analysis of Photometric Scale Length Measurements Licquia, Timothy C.; Newman, Jeffrey A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 831, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/831/1/71	journal	October 2016
The Sixth Data Release of the Radial Velocity Experiment (RAVE). I. Survey Description, Spectra, and Radial Velocities Steinmetz, Matthias; Matijevič, Gal; Enke, Harry The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 160, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab9ab9	journal	July 2020
In Disguise or Out of Reach: First Clues about In Situ and Accreted Stars in the Stellar Halo of the Milky Way from Gaia DR2 Haywood, M.; Di Matteo, P.; Lehnert, M. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad235	journal	August 2018
LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products Ivezić, Željko; Kahn, Steven M.; Tyson, J. Anthony The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 873, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c	journal	March 2019
Inferred Evidence for Dark Matter Kinematic Substructure with SDSS– Gaia Necib, Lina; Lisanti, Mariangela; Belokurov, Vasily The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 874, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab095b	journal	March 2019
Mapping the Stellar Halo with the H3 Spectroscopic Survey Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana; Cargile, Phillip The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab38b8	journal	September 2019
Under the FIRElight: Stellar Tracers of the Local Dark Matter Velocity Distribution in the Milky Way Necib, Lina; Lisanti, Mariangela; Garrison-Kimmel, Shea The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3afc	journal	September 2019
Dynamical Relics of the Ancient Galactic Halo Yuan, Zhen; Myeong, G. C.; Beers, Timothy C. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6ef7	journal	March 2020
Evidence from the H3 Survey That the Stellar Halo Is Entirely Comprised of Substructure Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 901, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4	journal	September 2020
The Milky Way’s Shell Structure Reveals the Time of a Radial Collision Donlon, Thomas; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Sanderson, Robyn The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 902, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb5f6	journal	October 2020
Quenching Timescales of Dwarf Satellites around Milky Way–mass Hosts Akins, Hollis B.; Christensen, Charlotte R.; Brooks, Alyson M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 909, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abe2ab	journal	March 2021
Age-dating Red Giant Stars Associated with Galactic Disk and Halo Substructures Grunblatt, Samuel K.; Zinn, Joel C.; Price-Whelan, Adrian M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 916, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0532	journal	August 2021
Quantifying the Impact of the Large Magellanic Cloud on the Structure of the Milky Way’s Dark Matter Halo Using Basis Function Expansions Garavito-Camargo, Nicolás; Besla, Gurtina; Laporte, Chervin F. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 919, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0b44	journal	September 2021
A Sub-2% Distance to M31 from Photometrically Homogeneous Near-infrared Cepheid Period–Luminosity Relations Measured with the Hubble Space Telescope Li, Siyang; Riess, Adam G.; Busch, Michael P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 920, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1597	journal	October 2021
Evidence of a Dwarf Galaxy Stream Populating the Inner Milky Way Halo Malhan, Khyati; Yuan, Zhen; Ibata, Rodrigo A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 920, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1675	journal	October 2021
APOGEE Chemical Abundance Patterns of the Massive Milky Way Satellites Hasselquist, Sten; Hayes, Christian R.; Lian, Jianhui The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac25f9	journal	December 2021
Reconstructing the Last Major Merger of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie; Bonaca, Ana The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 923, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac2d2d	journal	December 2021
The Global Dynamical Atlas of the Milky Way Mergers: Constraints from Gaia EDR3–based Orbits of Globular Clusters, Stellar Streams, and Satellite Galaxies Malhan, Khyati; Ibata, Rodrigo A.; Sharma, Sanjib The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 926, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac4d2a	journal	February 2022
A Tilt in the Dark Matter Halo of the Galaxy Han, Jiwon Jesse; Naidu, Rohan P.; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 934, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac795f	journal	July 2022
The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package* No authors listed The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 935, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac7c74	journal	August 2022
Gastro Library. I. The Simulated Chemodynamical Properties of Several Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus-like Stellar Halos Amarante, João A. S.; Debattista, Victor P.; Beraldo E. Silva, Leandro The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 937, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac8b0d	journal	September 2022
Overview of the DESI Milky Way Survey Cooper, Andrew P.; Koposov, Sergey E.; Allende Prieto, Carlos The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 947, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acb3c0	journal	April 2023
Carbon Stars as Standard Candles: An Empirical Test for the Reddening, Metallicity, and Age Sensitivity of the J-region Asymptotic Giant Branch (JAGB) Method Lee, Abigail J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 956, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/acee69	journal	October 2023
Formation of Galactic Disks. I. Why Did the Milky Way’s Disk Form Unusually Early? Semenov, Vadim A.; Conroy, Charlie; Chandra, Vedant The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 962, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad150a	journal	February 2024
Shiva and Shakti: Presumed Proto-Galactic Fragments in the Inner Milky Way Malhan, Khyati; Rix, Hans-Walter The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 964, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad1885	journal	March 2024
The Next Generation Virgo Cluster Survey (NGVS). III. A Catalog of Surface Brightness Fluctuation Distances and the Three-dimensional Distribution of Galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Cantiello, Michele; Blakeslee, John P.; Ferrarese, Laura The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 966, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad3453	journal	April 2024
Charting the Galactic Acceleration Field. II. A Global Mass Model of the Milky Way from the STREAMFINDER Atlas of Stellar Streams Detected in Gaia DR3 Ibata, Rodrigo; Malhan, Khyati; Tenachi, Wassim The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 967, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad382d	journal	May 2024
Milky Way-est: Cosmological Zoom-in Simulations with Large Magellanic Cloud and Gaia–Sausage–Enceladus Analogs Buch, Deveshi; Nadler, Ethan O.; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 971, Issue 1, p. 79 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad554c	journal	August 2024
Stellar Mergers or Truly Young? Intermediate-age Stars on Highly Radial Orbits in the Milky Way’s Stellar Halo Horta, Danny; Lu, Yuxi (Lucy); Ness, Melissa K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 971, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad58de	journal	August 2024
The SAGA Survey. III. A Census of 101 Satellite Systems around Milky Way–mass Galaxies Mao, Yao-Yuan; Geha, Marla; Wechsler, Risa H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 976, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad64c4	journal	November 2024
The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar, and APOGEE-2 Data No authors listed The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 259, Issue 2, p. 35 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac4414	journal	March 2022
SEGUE-2: Old Milky Way Stars Near and Far Rockosi, Constance M.; Sun Lee, Young; Morrison, Heather L. The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 259, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac5323	journal	April 2022
The Milky Way Halo in Action Space Myeong, G. C.; Evans, N. W.; Belokurov, V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aab613	journal	March 2018
Apocenter Pile-up: Origin of the Stellar Halo Density Break Deason, Alis J.; Belokurov, Vasily; Koposov, Sergey E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad0ee	journal	July 2018
A Gaia -Enceladus Analog in the EAGLE Simulation: Insights into the Early Evolution of the Milky Way Bignone, Lucas A.; Helmi, Amina; Tissera, Patricia B. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3e0e	journal	September 2019
The Splash without a Merger Amarante, João A. S.; Beraldo e. Silva, Leandro; Debattista, Victor P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 891, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab78a4	journal	March 2020
Timing the Early Assembly of the Milky Way with the H3 Survey Bonaca, Ana; Conroy, Charlie; Cargile, Phillip A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 897, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab9caa	journal	July 2020
The Local Group Mass in the Light of Gaia Benisty, David; Vasiliev, Eugene; Evans, N. Wyn The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 928, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac5c42	journal	March 2022
The Local Stellar Halo is Not Dominated by a Single Radial Merger Event Donlon II, Thomas; Newberg, Heidi Jo; Kim, Bokyoung The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 932, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac7531	journal	June 2022
Tilted Dark Halos Are Common and Long-lived, and Can Warp Galactic Disks Han, Jiwon Jesse; Semenov, Vadim; Conroy, Charlie The Astrophysical Journal Letters, Vol. 957, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ad0641	journal	November 2023
h5py/h5py: 3.2.1 Collette, Andrew; Kluyver, Thomas; Caswell, Thomas A. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4584676	software	March 2021

Similar Records

Stellar Mergers or Truly Young? Intermediate-age Stars on Highly Radial Orbits in the Milky Way’s Stellar Halo

Journal Article · Thu Aug 15 20:00:00 EDT 2024 · The Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:2484151

Related Subjects

galactic archaeology
galaxy stellar halos
stellar kinematics

Cosmological Simulations of Stellar Halos with Gaia Sausage–Enceladus Analogs: Two Sausages, One Bun?

Citation Formats

References (141)

Linked Research (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects